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After their clinical experience, nursing students are given a reflective assignment to discuss the concepts in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice. What part of this theory is most important when delivering thoughtful care?
- A. Environment
- B. Health
- C. Nursing
- D. Person
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Of the four concepts, the most important is the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or theory, is the person.
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A charge nurse meets with staff to outline a plan to provide transcultural nursing care for patients in their health care facility. The charge nurse explains that transcultural care as the central theme of nursing care, knowledge, and practice was promoted by which theorist?
- A. Madeline Leininger
- B. Jean Watson
- C. Dorothy E. Johnson
- D. Betty Newman
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Madeline Leininger's theory provides the foundations of transcultural nursing care by making caring the central theme of nursing. Jean Watson stated that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. The central theme of Dorothy E. Johnson's theory is that problems arise because of disturbances in the system or subsystem or functioning below optimal level. Betty Newman proposed that humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment and the major nursing focus is keeping the patient system stable through accurate assessment of these stressors.
A nurse is using general systems theory to assist a family of four develop healthier food choices. What statement best reflects a key point of this theory?
- A. Food choices made by the parents will influence choices made by the children.
- B. The children should avoid giving feedback on the family food choices.
- C. Boundaries are closed between family members and their environments.
- D. A change in one family member's behavior rarely affects other members.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: General systems theory defines a system as a set of interacting elements contributing to the overall goal of the system. A change in one element could affect other subsystems, as well as the whole. To survive, open systems maintain balance through feedback, in this case, family members. An open system allows energy, matter, and information to move freely between systems and boundaries, such as with members of the health care team, whereas a closed system does not allow input from or output.
Nursing students have been assigned to discuss a section of a research article examining 24-hour visitation for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). What topic will the student assigned to the applicability section plan to discuss?
- A. Description of the tool that was used to gather the data
- B. How the results could be used in the student's practice
- C. Statistical methods used to determine the results
- D. Whether informed consent was obtained from the participants
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Applicability refers to how study results could be used in practice. Method includes the design and data analysis. Informed consent affirms the patient's right to agree to participate in a study without coercion, to refuse to participate without jeopardizing their care, the right to confidentiality, the right to be protected from harm, and the ability to withdraw from the study at any time.
A nurse is conducting quantitative research to examine which of two types of silicone foam sacral dressings best prevent pressure injuries in bedridden patients. What type of research is the nurse conducting?
- A. Descriptive
- B. Correlational
- C. Quasi-experimental
- D. Experimental
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Quasi-experimental research is often conducted in clinical settings to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes. Descriptive research is often used to generate new knowledge about topics with little or no prior research. Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables. Experimental research examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions.
A nurse is using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) model PET as a clinical decision-making tool when delivering care to patients. Which steps reflect the intended use of this tool? Select all that apply.
- A. Recruiting an interprofessional team to develop and refine an EBP question
- B. Drawing from personal experiences of being a patient to establish a therapeutic relationship with a patient
- C. Conducting a search of electronic databases for current treatments for type 2 diabetes
- D. Drawing on their spiritual training when counseling a patient in hospice care at end of life
- E. Questioning the protocol for assessing postoperative patients returning to the ICU
- F. Studying pathophysiology to understand the disease states of assigned patients
Correct Answer: A,C,E
Rationale: The JHNEBP model is a powerful problem-solving approach to clinical decision making, which uses a three-step process called PET: practice question, evidence, and translation. The goal of the model is to ensure that the latest research findings and best practices are quickly incorporated into patient care. Steps in PET include, but are not limited to, recruiting an interprofessional team, developing and refining the EBP question, and conducting internal and external searches for evidence.