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A nurse is formulating a clinical question using the PICOT format. The nurse begins with determining the 'P,' which focuses on which element?
- A. Comparison to another similar protocol
- B. Clearly defined, focused literature review of procedures
- C. Specific identification of the purpose of the study
- D. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The P in the PICOT format represents an explicit description of the patient population of interest. I represents the intervention, C represents the comparison, O stands for the outcome, and T stands for the time.
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Nursing students have been assigned to discuss a section of a research article examining 24-hour visitation for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). What topic will the student assigned to the applicability section plan to discuss?
- A. Description of the tool that was used to gather the data
- B. How the results could be used in the student's practice
- C. Statistical methods used to determine the results
- D. Whether informed consent was obtained from the participants
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Applicability refers to how study results could be used in practice. Method includes the design and data analysis. Informed consent affirms the patient's right to agree to participate in a study without coercion, to refuse to participate without jeopardizing their care, the right to confidentiality, the right to be protected from harm, and the ability to withdraw from the study at any time.
A nursing student questions the primary nurse about instilling air into a nasogastric tube to confirm placement, when they learned that x-ray validation of the tube's tip in the stomach reflects best practice. The student is validating safe nursing practice with which type of knowledge?
- A. Instinctive knowledge
- B. Scientific knowledge
- C. Authoritative knowledge
- D. Traditional knowledge
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Scientific knowledge is obtained through the scientific method or research; this leads to evidence-based practice. Instinct, such as 'I feel this is correct,' is not a source of knowledge. Traditional knowledge is the part of nursing practice passed down from generation to generation, often without research data to support it. Examples include daily bathing and changing bed linens each day. Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the person's perceived expertise.
A nurse is using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) model PET as a clinical decision-making tool when delivering care to patients. Which steps reflect the intended use of this tool? Select all that apply.
- A. Recruiting an interprofessional team to develop and refine an EBP question
- B. Drawing from personal experiences of being a patient to establish a therapeutic relationship with a patient
- C. Conducting a search of electronic databases for current treatments for type 2 diabetes
- D. Drawing on their spiritual training when counseling a patient in hospice care at end of life
- E. Questioning the protocol for assessing postoperative patients returning to the ICU
- F. Studying pathophysiology to understand the disease states of assigned patients
Correct Answer: A,C,E
Rationale: The JHNEBP model is a powerful problem-solving approach to clinical decision making, which uses a three-step process called PET: practice question, evidence, and translation. The goal of the model is to ensure that the latest research findings and best practices are quickly incorporated into patient care. Steps in PET include, but are not limited to, recruiting an interprofessional team, developing and refining the EBP question, and conducting internal and external searches for evidence.
A nurse conducting quantitative research hypothesizes that adolescents with anorexia nervosa who participate in outpatient therapy report less depression than those receiving inpatient treatment. What information does the nurse collect to support the hypothesis?
- A. Subjects' demographics
- B. Variables
- C. Data
- D. Instruments
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Data refer to information that the researcher collects from subjects in the study, generally expressed in words, numbers, graphs, and charts. A variable is something (such as conditions, equipment, interventions) that varies and has different values (outcomes) that can be measured. Instruments are devices used to collect and record the data, such as rating scales, pencil-and-paper tests, and biologic measurements.
A charge nurse meets with staff to outline a plan to provide transcultural nursing care for patients in their health care facility. The charge nurse explains that transcultural care as the central theme of nursing care, knowledge, and practice was promoted by which theorist?
- A. Madeline Leininger
- B. Jean Watson
- C. Dorothy E. Johnson
- D. Betty Newman
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Madeline Leininger's theory provides the foundations of transcultural nursing care by making caring the central theme of nursing. Jean Watson stated that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. The central theme of Dorothy E. Johnson's theory is that problems arise because of disturbances in the system or subsystem or functioning below optimal level. Betty Newman proposed that humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment and the major nursing focus is keeping the patient system stable through accurate assessment of these stressors.