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A nurse is conducting qualitative research to study the culture of Native Alaskans and how their diet affects their overall state of health. Which method of research is the nurse using?
- A. Historical
- B. Ethnography
- C. Grounded theory
- D. Phenomenology
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethnographic research was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nurses. Historical research examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today. The basis of grounded theory methodology is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene. The purpose of phenomenology (both a philosophy and a research method) is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied.
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A charge nurse meets with staff to outline a plan to provide transcultural nursing care for patients in their health care facility. The charge nurse explains that transcultural care as the central theme of nursing care, knowledge, and practice was promoted by which theorist?
- A. Madeline Leininger
- B. Jean Watson
- C. Dorothy E. Johnson
- D. Betty Newman
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Madeline Leininger's theory provides the foundations of transcultural nursing care by making caring the central theme of nursing. Jean Watson stated that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. The central theme of Dorothy E. Johnson's theory is that problems arise because of disturbances in the system or subsystem or functioning below optimal level. Betty Newman proposed that humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment and the major nursing focus is keeping the patient system stable through accurate assessment of these stressors.
A Alexandrovich, A. B. (2016). An evidence-based approach to addressing healthcare issues of the LGBTQ community. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(9), 607-613.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Federal regulations require that institutions receiving federal funding or conducting studies of drugs or medical devices regulated by the Food and Drug Administration establish institutional review boards (IRBs). The IRBs review studies conducted in the institution to determine the risk status of the studies and to ensure that ethical principles are followed. While organizations may have internal procedures for conducting research, such as including surgeons, the director of nursing, the pharmacy director, and staff, these are not government mandates. The type of study, such as randomized-controlled study, will be determined by the nurse in collaboration with the prescriber and approval of the IRB.
A nurse conducting quantitative research hypothesizes that adolescents with anorexia nervosa who participate in outpatient therapy report less depression than those receiving inpatient treatment. What information does the nurse collect to support the hypothesis?
- A. Subjects' demographics
- B. Variables
- C. Data
- D. Instruments
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Data refer to information that the researcher collects from subjects in the study, generally expressed in words, numbers, graphs, and charts. A variable is something (such as conditions, equipment, interventions) that varies and has different values (outcomes) that can be measured. Instruments are devices used to collect and record the data, such as rating scales, pencil-and-paper tests, and biologic measurements.
A nursing student questions the primary nurse about instilling air into a nasogastric tube to confirm placement, when they learned that x-ray validation of the tube's tip in the stomach reflects best practice. The student is validating safe nursing practice with which type of knowledge?
- A. Instinctive knowledge
- B. Scientific knowledge
- C. Authoritative knowledge
- D. Traditional knowledge
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Scientific knowledge is obtained through the scientific method or research; this leads to evidence-based practice. Instinct, such as 'I feel this is correct,' is not a source of knowledge. Traditional knowledge is the part of nursing practice passed down from generation to generation, often without research data to support it. Examples include daily bathing and changing bed linens each day. Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the person's perceived expertise.
Nursing students have been assigned to discuss a section of a research article examining 24-hour visitation for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). What topic will the student assigned to the applicability section plan to discuss?
- A. Description of the tool that was used to gather the data
- B. How the results could be used in the student's practice
- C. Statistical methods used to determine the results
- D. Whether informed consent was obtained from the participants
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Applicability refers to how study results could be used in practice. Method includes the design and data analysis. Informed consent affirms the patient's right to agree to participate in a study without coercion, to refuse to participate without jeopardizing their care, the right to confidentiality, the right to be protected from harm, and the ability to withdraw from the study at any time.