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A baby is called exclusively breast feed if he/she is breast fed for:
- A. 2-3 month
- B. 3-4 months
- C. 3-5 months
- D. 7-8 months
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exclusive breastfeeding refers to feeding only breast milk for the first 6 months of life, typically 3-4 months in the context of this question.
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Calculate the percentage decline in the death rate for all causes. What generalizations can be made about changes in disease rates between 1900 and the present?
- A. Death rates declined significantly due to advancements in healthcare.
- B. Death rates increased due to population growth.
- C. Death rates remained constant despite medical advancements.
- D. Death rates fluctuated without clear trends.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Death rates have declined significantly since 1900 due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and living conditions.
Median is almost equivalent to
- A. 25th percentile
- B. 50th percentile
- C. 75th percentile
- D. 10th percentile
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The median corresponds to the 50th percentile, dividing the dataset into halves.
You are planning a case-control study of lung cancer to test the hypothesis that vegetable consumption is protective against lung cancer. Would you match on smoking? Explain your answer.
- A. Yes, because smoking is a known confounder for lung cancer.
- B. No, because matching on smoking will introduce overmatching.
- C. Yes, because smoking correlates with vegetable consumption.
- D. No, because smoking is unrelated to vegetable consumption.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Smoking is a strong confounder for lung cancer, and matching on smoking helps ensure comparability between cases and controls, preventing spurious associations.
Married-unmarried, child-adult, male-female is
- A. Ordinal scale
- B. Interval scale
- C. Ratio scale
- D. Nominal scale
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: These categories represent nominal scales as they classify without any inherent order.
In epidemiology, the measure of central location generally preferred for summarizing skewed data such as incubation periods is the:
- A. Mean
- B. Median
- C. Midrange
- D. Mode
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The median is less affected by outliers and skewed data.