Nokea
A child with hypoparathyroidism is receiving vitamin D therapy. The parents should be advised to watch for which signs or symptoms of vitamin D toxicity?
- A. Headache and seizures
- B. Weakness and lassitude
- C. Anorexia and insomnia
- D. Physical restlessness, voracious appetite without weight gain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamin D toxicity can cause weakness, lassitude, nausea, vomiting, and renal issues like polyuria. Headaches occur but seizures do not, anorexia and insomnia are not typical, and restlessness with appetite changes suggests hyperthyroidism, not toxicity.
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What clinical manifestation is considered a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
- A. Nausea
- B. Seizures
- C. Impaired vision
- D. Frequent urination
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Frequent urination (polyuria), along with glycosuria and polydipsia, is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus due to glucose-driven osmotic diuresis. Nausea and seizures are not typical, and impaired vision is a long-term complication, not a cardinal sign.
What clinical manifestation occurs with hypoglycemia?
- A. Lethargy
- B. Confusion
- C. Nausea and vomiting
- D. Weakness and dizziness
- E. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypoglycemia manifests as weakness, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, sweating, and pallor due to low glucose affecting the brain and body. Lethargy, confusion, and nausea are more typical of hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia.
Homeostasis in the body is maintained by what is collectively known as the neuroendocrine system. What is the name of the nervous system that is involved?
- A. Central
- B. Skeletal
- C. Peripheral
- D. Autonomic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The autonomic nervous system, comprising sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, regulates involuntary functions to maintain homeostasis with the endocrine system. Central, skeletal, and peripheral nervous systems are not part of the neuroendocrine system.
A goiter is an enlargement or hypertrophy of which gland?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Adrenal
- C. Anterior pituitary
- D. Posterior pituitary
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency or thyroid dysfunction. It is not associated with adrenal, anterior, or posterior pituitary glands.
Exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs) may occur in children with which condition?
- A. Hypothyroidism
- B. Hyperthyroidism
- C. Hypoparathyroidism
- D. Hyperparathyroidism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exophthalmos is a classic sign of hyperthyroidism, often due to Graves? disease, from tissue swelling behind the eyes. It is not associated with hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, or hyperparathyroidism.