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Which are major risk factors for breast cancer? Select all that apply.
- A. Female gender
- B. Increasing age over 50 years
- C. Personal history of breast cancer (in situ or invasive), family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (parent, sibling, child)
- D. High-fat diet, Alcohol consumption (two or more drinks/day)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having a personal history of breast cancer, a family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, or both are major risk factors for developing breast cancer. This is due to the presence of genetic mutations that increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Choices A and B are not specific risk factors for breast cancer, although being female and increasing age are associated with higher risk. Choice D, high-fat diet and alcohol consumption, are not considered major risk factors for breast cancer.
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Which pharmacological preparation is the least effective in relieving symptoms of dysmenorrhea?
- A. Ibuprofen
- B. Acetaminophen
- C. Oral contraceptive pills
- D. Naproxen sodium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is not an anti-inflammatory medication, unlike Ibuprofen and Naproxen sodium, which are more effective in reducing inflammation and pain associated with dysmenorrhea. Oral contraceptive pills (Choice C) can help regulate hormones to reduce menstrual cramps. Ibuprofen and Naproxen sodium (Choices A and D) are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that target prostaglandins, which play a role in causing menstrual cramps. Acetaminophen, being a mild pain reliever, lacks the anti-inflammatory properties needed to effectively alleviate dysmenorrhea symptoms.
The nurse is preparing a 51-year-old client for a vaginal examination. The nurse should place the client in which position?
- A. Prone
- B. Lateral Sims’
- C. Lithotomy
- D. High Fowler’s
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lithotomy position. This position allows for optimal visualization of the vaginal area and easier access for the examination. The client lies on their back with knees flexed and feet in stirrups, providing proper exposure. Prone (A) is face down and not suitable for a vaginal exam. Lateral Sims' (B) is on the side and not ideal for this exam. High Fowler's (D) is sitting upright, which is not appropriate for a vaginal examination.
Which factors contribute to a woman’s perception of her body? Select all that apply.
- A. Role of motherhood
- B. Sexuality
- C. Relationships at work
- D. Family and social relationships
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sexuality. This factor contributes to a woman's perception of her body as it influences how she views herself in terms of attractiveness, desirability, and self-image. Sexuality plays a significant role in shaping body image and self-esteem.
A: Role of motherhood - While motherhood can impact body image, it is not a universal factor for all women.
C: Relationships at work - While work relationships can influence self-esteem, they may not directly impact body perception.
D: Family and social relationships - While important, they may not directly relate to body perception as much as sexuality does.
In summary, sexuality plays a crucial role in shaping a woman's perception of her body compared to the other factors listed.
Most congenital anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS) result from defects in the closure of the neural tube during fetal development. Which factor has the greatest impact on this process?
- A. Maternal diabetes
- B. Maternal folic acid deficiency
- C. Socioeconomic status
- D. Maternal use of anticonvulsant
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Maternal folic acid deficiency. Folic acid is essential for neural tube closure. Deficiency can lead to neural tube defects in the fetus. Maternal diabetes (choice A) can increase the risk, but it's not the primary factor. Socioeconomic status (choice C) may indirectly impact nutrition but isn't directly related to neural tube closure. Maternal use of anticonvulsants (choice D) can increase the risk, but it's not as significant as folic acid deficiency in neural tube closure.
A 60-year-old client with a palpable mass to the right adnexa and family history of ovarian cancer is seen by the HCP. The nurse anticipates the order for which of the following laboratory results?
- A. CBC
- B. Blood glucose
- C. CA-125
- D. FSH and LH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: CA-125. This tumor marker is used to assess for ovarian cancer in high-risk individuals. The client's age, palpable mass, and family history of ovarian cancer raise suspicion for malignancy. A CBC (choice A) and blood glucose (choice B) are not specific to ovarian cancer evaluation. FSH and LH (choice D) are hormone levels that do not directly assess for ovarian cancer. Therefore, CA-125 is the most appropriate lab test to anticipate in this scenario.