Contemporary Issues in Nursing

Contemporary Issues in Nursing Related

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A client is hypertensive, and the doctor prescribes weight reduction. The client is excited about beginning the diet, but on arriving home the spouse states, "You have always been fat, and I am not going to starve because you can't control yourself." The client becomes anxious and is unable to participate in the diet plan, resulting in a weight gain of 5 pounds in 2 weeks. Which theorist could best be referred to for guidance regarding interventions in this situation?

  • A. Martha E. Rogers
  • B. Hildegard E. Peplau
  • C. Florence Nightingale
  • D. Myra Estrin Levine
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hildegard E. Peplau. Peplau's nursing theory focuses on interpersonal relations, emphasizing the nurse-client relationship. In this situation, the client's anxiety and inability to participate in the diet plan are directly related to the negative interaction with the spouse. Peplau's theory suggests that the nurse can intervene by providing emotional support, facilitating communication, and helping the client manage anxiety. Rogers' theory focuses on the science of unitary human beings, which is not directly applicable here. Nightingale's theory emphasizes environmental factors, not interpersonal relationships. Levine's theory focuses on conservation principles, which are not directly relevant to addressing the client's anxiety and relational issues. Therefore, Peplau's theory best guides interventions in this situation.

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In the preparedness phase for disasters, the community plans for a possible terrorist attack using anthrax as the weapon of destruction. What treatments and/or preparations would be needed?

  • A. Vaccines and Level B Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
  • B. Treatment for burns, decontamination, and Level A PPE
  • C. Social distance determination, decontamination for radioactive fallout
  • D. Identify and detect incendiary devices, treatment for burns and propellants
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vaccines and Level B Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). In the preparedness phase for a terrorist attack using anthrax, vaccines are crucial for prevention. Level B PPE provides respiratory protection and skin protection against anthrax spores. This is essential for healthcare workers and first responders.

Choice B is incorrect as it mentions treatment for burns, which is not relevant to anthrax exposure. Decontamination and Level A PPE are not specifically needed for anthrax. Choice C is incorrect as it mentions radioactive fallout, which is not relevant to anthrax. Social distancing is also not effective in preventing anthrax exposure. Choice D is incorrect as it mentions incendiary devices and treatment for burns, which are not related to anthrax exposure. Identifying and detecting propellants is also not relevant to anthrax preparedness.

The Affordable Care Act of 2011:

  • A. requires that by 2020 all newly licensed nurses have a bachelor's degree at minimum.
  • B. would provide health care benefits to millions who were previously uninsurable or unable to afford insurance.
  • C. caps the amount that hospitals and physicians can charge for procedures.
  • D. subsidizes private insurance companies, thereby reducing health care costs for individuals who have chronic or catastrophic illness such as cancer.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the Affordable Care Act of 2011 aimed to provide health care benefits to millions who were previously uninsurable or unable to afford insurance. This is in line with the main goal of the act, which was to increase access to affordable health care for Americans. Choice A is incorrect as the act does not mandate educational requirements for nurses. Choice C is incorrect as the act does not specifically cap the amount that hospitals and physicians can charge for procedures. Choice D is incorrect as the act focuses on expanding access to health insurance rather than directly subsidizing private insurance companies to reduce costs for individuals with chronic illnesses.

A nurse manager is preparing a budget that does not base annual budgets on the revenue and expenditures of the prior year and has the advantage that outdated information is not integrated into the budget. The manager is using which budget method?

  • A. Zero-based
  • B. Incremental
  • C. Labor
  • D. Operational
Correct Answer:

Rationale: Correct Answer: A: Zero-based

Rationale:
1. Zero-based budgeting starts from scratch, evaluating each expense regardless of the prior year.
2. It helps eliminate inefficiencies and ensures resources are allocated to high-priority areas.
3. By not relying on past data, outdated information does not influence the budget decisions.

Summary:
B: Incremental budgeting builds on the previous year's budget, not starting from zero.
C: Labor budget focuses specifically on labor costs, not the overall budgeting approach.
D: Operational budget typically considers historical data and current operations, unlike zero-based budgeting.

A nurse involved in researching the leading causes of death for minorities considers the federally defined minority groups, which include: (select all that apply)

  • A. Blacks
  • B. Russians
  • C. Hispanics
  • D. Asians or Pacific Islanders
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blacks. The rationale for this is that federally defined minority groups in the US typically include African Americans or Blacks. This group has historically faced disparities in healthcare access and outcomes. Russians (B) are not federally defined as a minority group in the US; Hispanics (C) and Asians or Pacific Islanders (D) are also federally recognized minority groups, but the question asks for all options that apply, and only A is explicitly mentioned in the question stem. Therefore, A is the correct answer based on the information provided.

A client and her husband used in vitro fertilization to become pregnant. The unused sperm was frozen so the couple could have more children later. The husband is killed while in combat, and the client journals her choices and the possible ramifications. She comes to the fertility clinic after looking at the situation from many perspectives and after considering many alternatives. She asks that the sperm be destroyed because her husband's faith prohibited remarrying, and allowing another person to use the sperm would conflict with her late husband's beliefs. The nurse realizes that:

  • A. the client is in the second step of ethical decision making and that the client's value system is influencing her choices of alternative actions.
  • B. a logical line of reasoning has led to validation of the decision to destroy the husband's sperm.
  • C. the client has not been able to navigate the complicated issues inherent in this situation.
  • D. a rational decision was reached that was based on reflection and on the value systems of the wife and the husband.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the client's decision to destroy the husband's sperm was based on reflection and the value systems of both the wife and the husband. Firstly, the client considered her late husband's faith and beliefs, showing reflection on his values. Secondly, she analyzed the situation from various perspectives and considered alternatives, indicating a rational decision-making process. This decision was reached after careful consideration of ethical and moral implications, demonstrating a logical and reasoned approach. In contrast, choices A and C imply shortcomings in the client's decision-making process, while choice B focuses solely on validation without considering the underlying reasoning. Therefore, choice D is the most appropriate as it aligns with the client's thoughtful and value-based decision-making process.

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