LPN Nursing Fundamentals

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A client receives education on dietary management for ulcerative colitis from a nurse. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

  • A. You should increase your intake of high-fiber foods.
  • B. You should avoid foods containing lactose.
  • C. You should decrease your intake of dairy products.
  • D. You should increase your intake of dairy products.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct statement the nurse should include in the teaching is to decrease the intake of dairy products. This is because reducing the intake of dairy products is beneficial in managing symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Dairy products can aggravate symptoms due to their lactose content, thus advising the client to decrease their consumption can help alleviate discomfort and promote better management of the condition.\nChoice A is incorrect because increasing high-fiber foods may worsen symptoms in some individuals with ulcerative colitis.\nChoice B is incorrect as while it is advised to avoid foods containing lactose, this alone does not encompass the full dietary management for ulcerative colitis.\nChoice D is incorrect as increasing the intake of dairy products can exacerbate symptoms in individuals with ulcerative colitis due to their lactose content.

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Neonate of diabetic mother is at risk for all of the following except:

  • A. Hypoglycemia
  • B. Hypocalcemia
  • C. Hyperglycemia
  • D. Hyperbilirubinemia
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Neonates of diabetic mothers (NDM) face metabolic challenges due to maternal hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia (choice A) occurs because fetal hyperinsulinemia, triggered by high maternal glucose, persists after birth when glucose supply drops. Hypocalcemia (choice B) arises from delayed parathyroid hormone response, common in NDMs. Hyperglycemia (choice C) is less likely postnatally; it's a maternal issue, not a neonatal risk, as the infant's insulin levels typically normalize glucose after delivery. Hyperbilirubinemia (choice D) results from increased red blood cell breakdown, often linked to polycythemia in NDMs. Choice C is correct because hyperglycemia is not a typical risk after birth; instead, hypoglycemia dominates due to insulin excess. Nurses must monitor blood glucose closely in the first hours, provide calcium if needed, and watch for jaundice, ensuring timely management of these interconnected risks to prevent seizures, bone issues, or kernicterus.

Prescriptive theories:

  • A. Have the ability to explain, relate and in some situations predict nursing phenomena
  • B. Describe phenomena
  • C. Provide a structural framework for broad abstract ideas
  • D. Reflect practice and address specific phenomena
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Prescriptive theories in nursing specify actions for specific situations, reflecting practice and addressing phenomena like pain management with concrete interventions (e.g., administer analgesics). Unlike descriptive theories, which only describe (e.g., pain's nature), or explanatory ones, which explain and predict (e.g., why pain occurs), prescriptive theories guide what nurses should do, offering practical direction. Explaining, relating, and predicting fit mid-range or grand theories, not prescriptive ones' narrow focus. Providing a broad framework suits grand theories (e.g., Orem's), not prescriptive specificity. Reflecting practice and addressing phenomena captures prescriptive theories' role bridging theory to actionable care, like protocols for patient symptoms, making this the most precise definition in nursing theory application.

A client with a new diagnosis of cirrhosis is receiving dietary management education from a nurse. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

  • A. You should increase your intake of sodium-rich foods.
  • B. You should decrease your intake of sodium-rich foods.
  • C. You should avoid foods that contain lactose.
  • D. You should increase your intake of dairy products.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Reducing the intake of sodium-rich foods is beneficial for managing fluid retention and symptoms of cirrhosis. Excessive sodium can lead to fluid buildup in the body, worsening edema and ascites commonly associated with cirrhosis. Therefore, advising the client to decrease their intake of sodium-rich foods is crucial in the dietary management of cirrhosis. Option A is incorrect as increasing sodium intake would exacerbate fluid retention. Option C is irrelevant to cirrhosis management unless the client has lactose intolerance. Option D is incorrect as increasing dairy product intake may not be suitable for all patients with cirrhosis, especially if they have complications like hepatic encephalopathy.

Which of the following is known to have a role in wound healing?

  • A. Vitamin A
  • B. Vitamin K
  • C. Vitamin C
  • D. Vitamin B complex
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, a key wound healing component, strengthening tissue repair. Vitamin A supports epithelial growth, Vitamin K aids clotting, and B complex boosts energy, but collagen formation is primary. Nurses ensure adequate C intake (e.g., citrus), accelerating recovery, preventing dehiscence, and supporting immune response at wound sites.

John has a fever of 39.5 degrees 2 days ago, But yesterday, he has a normal temperature of 36.5 degrees. Today, his temperature surges to 40 degrees. What type of fever is John having?

  • A. Relapsing
  • B. Intermittent
  • C. Remittent
  • D. Constant
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Relapsing fever spikes (39.5-40°C) with normal breaks (36.5°C) e.g., borrelia, days apart. Intermittent (daily normal), remittent (fluctuating high), and constant (stable) differ. Nurses note this e.g., two-day gap for infection management, per fever types.

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