Nokea
A nurse is planning discharge teaching on tracheostomy care for an older client. What factors does the nurse need NOT to assess before teaching this particular client?
- A. Cognition
- B. Dexterity
- C. Hydration
- D. Range of motion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Hydration is not directly related to tracheostomy care. The rationale is: A) Cognition is important for understanding and following care instructions. B) Dexterity is needed for handling tracheostomy equipment. C) Hydration, while important for overall health, does not directly impact tracheostomy care. D) Range of motion is relevant to prevent complications like skin breakdown. In summary, hydration is not a crucial factor to assess specifically for tracheostomy care compared to cognition, dexterity, and range of motion.
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A male adult client is suspected of having a pulmonary embolism. A nurse assesses the client, knowing that which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of pulmonary embolism?
- A. Dyspnea
- B. Bradypnea
- C. Bradycardia
- D. Decreased respirations
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dyspnea. Pulmonary embolism causes a blockage in the pulmonary arteries, leading to decreased oxygenation and subsequent shortness of breath. To assess for pulmonary embolism, a nurse would look for symptoms such as sudden onset dyspnea. Bradypnea (B) refers to abnormally slow breathing rate, which is not typically seen in pulmonary embolism. Bradycardia (C) is a slow heart rate, which may occur in some cases but is not a common clinical manifestation of pulmonary embolism. Decreased respirations (D) is too vague and does not specifically indicate the difficulty in breathing associated with pulmonary embolism.
The chloride shift occurs in order to
- A. force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues
- B. transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma
- C. produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells
- D. produce carbonic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the chloride shift occurs to transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. This process helps maintain acid-base balance in the body by exchanging chloride ions for bicarbonate ions to regulate pH levels. Choice A is incorrect as the chloride shift is not related to forcing oxygen into tissues. Choice C is incorrect as the chloride shift does not produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. Choice D is incorrect as the chloride shift does not directly produce carbonic acid but rather helps in maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions.
The filtering and keeping the mucus and dirt away from our lung's performed by
- A. cilia
- B. bronchioles
- C. hair in lungs
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cilia. Cilia are tiny hair-like structures in the respiratory tract that sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs to keep them clean. Bronchioles are small airways in the lungs through which air passes, not involved in filtering. Hair in the lungs is not a natural structure; it would be harmful. Choice D is incorrect because not all options listed are involved in filtering and keeping the mucus and dirt away from the lungs.
The ED nurse is assessing the respiratory function of a teenage girl who presented with acute shortness of breath. Auscultation reveals continuous wheezes during inspiration and expiration. This finding is most suggestive of what?
- A. Pleurisy
- B. Emphysema
- C. Asthma
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The continuous wheezes heard on auscultation during both inspiration and expiration in a teenage girl with acute shortness of breath are highly suggestive of asthma. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leading to wheezing on both inspiration and expiration. Other choices like pleurisy typically present with sharp chest pain worsened by breathing, emphysema with decreased breath sounds and barrel chest, and pneumonia with crackles and possibly fever.
Myoglobin is a muscle hemoglobin which exhibits Hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve indicating its great affinity towards Oxygen (Non-cooperative binding). The Hyperbolic nature of the curve is due to
- A. Single polypeptide (153 amino acids) and Monomeric nature
- B. High concentration in the muscle
- C. Muscle protein
- D. Quarternary structure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct:
1. Myoglobin is composed of a single polypeptide chain with 153 amino acids, making it monomeric.
2. Being monomeric, myoglobin does not exhibit cooperative binding, leading to a hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve.
3. The lack of multiple subunits in myoglobin results in non-cooperative binding and a hyperbolic curve.
4. The monomeric nature allows myoglobin to have a simple structure, enhancing its affinity for oxygen.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: High concentration in the muscle does not directly explain the hyperbolic curve.
C: Being a muscle protein does not inherently determine the hyperbolic nature of the oxygen dissociation curve.
D: Quaternary structure would involve multiple subunits, leading to cooperative binding and a sigmoidal oxygen dissociation curve.