Nokea
Smoking has been shown to cause
- A. bronchitis.
- B. emphysema.
- C. lung cancer.
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Smoking causes bronchitis due to inflammation of bronchial tubes, emphysema by damaging air sacs in lungs, and lung cancer from carcinogens. Therefore, "D: all of the above" is correct as smoking leads to all these respiratory health issues. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as smoking is linked to all three conditions.
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The 75-year-old patient presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath,
fatigue, and a dry cough. When information leads the nurse to suspect that this patient should
undergo workup for histoplasmosis?
- A. The patient reports drinking pond water
- B. The patient lives on a farm and raises chickens.
- C. The patient recently went hunting in a wooded area.
- D. The patient owns a landscaping company.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because living on a farm and raising chickens increases the risk of exposure to histoplasmosis, a fungal infection commonly found in soil contaminated with bird droppings. Raising chickens can lead to exposure to bird feces, which may contain the histoplasma fungus. The other choices (A, C, D) do not directly involve exposure to environments where the fungus is commonly found, making them less likely to lead to histoplasmosis workup.
Which statement is false about anatomical dead space?
- A. Anatomical dead space varies with age
- B. Can be estimated by the Fowlers method
- C. Significantly large in shallow breathing
- D. Measured by plotting N2 concentration against expired volume as in Bohr’s method
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Bohr's method measures physiological dead space, not anatomical dead space. Anatomical dead space is constant and not affected by N2 concentration. A: Anatomical dead space does vary with age due to changes in lung dimensions. B: Fowlers method estimates anatomical dead space by measuring tidal volume and respiratory rate. C: Anatomical dead space is not significantly large in shallow breathing as it mainly involves the conducting airways, not the alveoli.
Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?
- A. pharynx
- B. nasal cavity
- C. alveoli
- D. bronchi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: alveoli. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes structures that transport air to and from the gas exchange sites. Alveoli are the primary sites of gas exchange, not part of the conducting zone. Pharynx (A), nasal cavity (B), and bronchi (D) are all part of the conducting zone as they help in air transportation but do not directly participate in gas exchange like alveoli do. Therefore, alveoli is the correct answer as it does not belong to the conducting zone.
At high altitudes all of the following things occur in an effort to acclimatise EXCEPT
- A. Hypoventilation
- B. Polycythaemia
- C. Increased numbers of capillaries per unit volume in peripheral tissues
- D. O2 dissociation curve shifts to right
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypoventilation. At high altitudes, the body adapts to the decreased oxygen availability by increasing red blood cell production (polycythaemia) to enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. This is supported by the shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues. Additionally, increased capillaries in peripheral tissues improve oxygen delivery. However, hypoventilation, or decreased breathing rate, is not a typical response to high altitudes. In fact, the body usually compensates by increasing ventilation to maintain adequate oxygen levels.
When Bohr effect occurs due to increased CO2 tension, Oxygen affinity of Hb decreases. The reason for increased CO2 tension is
- A. Increase in P50
- B. Decrease in P50
- C. High CO2 content
- D. High O2 content
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because an increase in P50 indicates a decrease in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (Hb), as seen in the Bohr effect. When CO2 tension rises, it forms carbonic acid in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH. This decrease in pH causes a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, resulting in lower oxygen affinity of Hb. Decreasing P50 reflects this reduced affinity. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a decrease in P50, high CO2 content, and high O2 content would not lead to a decrease in oxygen affinity as observed in the Bohr effect.