Nokea
A nurse is planning discharge teaching on tracheostomy care for an older client. What factors does the nurse need NOT to assess before teaching this particular client?
- A. Cognition
- B. Dexterity
- C. Hydration
- D. Range of motion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Hydration is not directly related to tracheostomy care. The rationale is: A) Cognition is important for understanding and following care instructions. B) Dexterity is needed for handling tracheostomy equipment. C) Hydration, while important for overall health, does not directly impact tracheostomy care. D) Range of motion is relevant to prevent complications like skin breakdown. In summary, hydration is not a crucial factor to assess specifically for tracheostomy care compared to cognition, dexterity, and range of motion.
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Asphyxia occurs due to
- A. Rise in level of CO2
- B. Fall in level of CO2
- C. Rise of O2 level
- D. Fall in O2 level
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rise in level of CO2. Asphyxia occurs when there is a buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body, leading to a lack of oxygen supply to tissues. When CO2 levels rise, it can displace oxygen in the bloodstream, causing respiratory distress and potential suffocation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a fall in CO2 levels, a rise in O2 levels, or a fall in O2 levels do not directly cause asphyxia. This highlights the importance of understanding the physiological processes involved in respiration to identify the correct answer.
Which statement is false about anatomical dead space?
- A. Anatomical dead space varies with age
- B. Can be estimated by the Fowlers method
- C. Significantly large in shallow breathing
- D. Measured by plotting N2 concentration against expired volume as in Bohr’s method
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Bohr's method measures physiological dead space, not anatomical dead space. Anatomical dead space is constant and not affected by N2 concentration. A: Anatomical dead space does vary with age due to changes in lung dimensions. B: Fowlers method estimates anatomical dead space by measuring tidal volume and respiratory rate. C: Anatomical dead space is not significantly large in shallow breathing as it mainly involves the conducting airways, not the alveoli.
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
- A. apneustic
- B. pneumotaxic
- C. expiratory
- D. baroreceptor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: apneustic. Stimulation of the apneustic center in the brainstem prolongs inspiration by sending signals to the respiratory muscles to maintain inspiration. The apneustic center plays a role in regulating the depth and duration of breathing.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: Pneumotaxic center helps regulate the respiratory rate by inhibiting inspiration, not prolonging it.
C: Expiratory center is responsible for controlling expiration, not inspiration.
D: Baroreceptor center is involved in regulating blood pressure, not respiratory functions.
Which of the following factors would decrease the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
- A. increased temperature
- B. decreased pH
- C. decreased tissue PO2
- D. decreased amounts of BPG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: decreased amounts of BPG. BPG binds to hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen. Without BPG, hemoglobin holds onto oxygen tightly, decreasing its release to tissues. Increased temperature (choice A) and decreased pH (choice B) actually enhance oxygen release by hemoglobin through the Bohr effect. Decreased tissue PO2 (choice C) triggers hemoglobin to release more oxygen due to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
Which of the following conditions is evident by persistent hoarseness?
- A. Bacterial infection
- B. Laryngeal cancer
- C. Aphonia
- D. Peritonsillar abscess
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Persistent hoarseness is a hallmark symptom of laryngeal cancer. A (bacterial infection) may cause temporary hoarseness but not persistent. C (aphonia) refers to complete loss of voice, not hoarseness. D (peritonsillar abscess) affects the throat but does not typically cause persistent hoarseness.