Nokea
Which type of acid-base imbalance can result from the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase leads to decreased bicarbonate levels, causing metabolic alkalosis. Without adequate bicarbonate, the body accumulates excess base, resulting in alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis (A) is incorrect because inhibition of carbonic anhydrase would lead to excess base, not acid. Respiratory acidosis (B) and respiratory alkalosis (D) are incorrect as they are caused by respiratory, not metabolic, disturbances.
You may also like to solve these questions
At high altitudes all of the following things occur in an effort to acclimatise EXCEPT
- A. Hypoventilation
- B. Polycythaemia
- C. Increased numbers of capillaries per unit volume in peripheral tissues
- D. O2 dissociation curve shifts to right
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypoventilation. At high altitudes, the body adapts to the decreased oxygen availability by increasing red blood cell production (polycythaemia) to enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. This is supported by the shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues. Additionally, increased capillaries in peripheral tissues improve oxygen delivery. However, hypoventilation, or decreased breathing rate, is not a typical response to high altitudes. In fact, the body usually compensates by increasing ventilation to maintain adequate oxygen levels.
Which of the following conditions is evident by persistent hoarseness?
- A. Bacterial infection
- B. Laryngeal cancer
- C. Aphonia
- D. Peritonsillar abscess
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Persistent hoarseness is a hallmark symptom of laryngeal cancer. A (bacterial infection) may cause temporary hoarseness but not persistent. C (aphonia) refers to complete loss of voice, not hoarseness. D (peritonsillar abscess) affects the throat but does not typically cause persistent hoarseness.
Which statement is false about anatomical dead space?
- A. Anatomical dead space varies with age
- B. Can be estimated by the Fowlers method
- C. Significantly large in shallow breathing
- D. Measured by plotting N2 concentration against expired volume as in Bohr’s method
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Bohr's method measures physiological dead space, not anatomical dead space. Anatomical dead space is constant and not affected by N2 concentration. A: Anatomical dead space does vary with age due to changes in lung dimensions. B: Fowlers method estimates anatomical dead space by measuring tidal volume and respiratory rate. C: Anatomical dead space is not significantly large in shallow breathing as it mainly involves the conducting airways, not the alveoli.
Which of the following factors would decrease the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
- A. increased temperature
- B. decreased pH
- C. decreased tissue PO2
- D. decreased amounts of BPG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: decreased amounts of BPG. BPG binds to hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen. Without BPG, hemoglobin holds onto oxygen tightly, decreasing its release to tissues. Increased temperature (choice A) and decreased pH (choice B) actually enhance oxygen release by hemoglobin through the Bohr effect. Decreased tissue PO2 (choice C) triggers hemoglobin to release more oxygen due to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
The ED nurse is assessing the respiratory function of a teenage girl who presented with acute shortness of breath. Auscultation reveals continuous wheezes during inspiration and expiration. This finding is most suggestive of what?
- A. Pleurisy
- B. Emphysema
- C. Asthma
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The continuous wheezes heard on auscultation during both inspiration and expiration in a teenage girl with acute shortness of breath are highly suggestive of asthma. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leading to wheezing on both inspiration and expiration. Other choices like pleurisy typically present with sharp chest pain worsened by breathing, emphysema with decreased breath sounds and barrel chest, and pneumonia with crackles and possibly fever.