Nokea
The chloride shift occurs in order to
- A. force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues
- B. transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma
- C. produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells
- D. produce carbonic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the chloride shift occurs to transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. This process helps maintain acid-base balance in the body by exchanging chloride ions for bicarbonate ions to regulate pH levels. Choice A is incorrect as the chloride shift is not related to forcing oxygen into tissues. Choice C is incorrect as the chloride shift does not produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. Choice D is incorrect as the chloride shift does not directly produce carbonic acid but rather helps in maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions.
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A 92-year-old female patient is being admitted to the emergency department with severe shortness of breath. Being aware of the patient’s condition, what approach should the nurse use to assess the patient’s lungs?
- A. Apex to base
- B. Base to apex
- C. Lateral sequence
- D. Anterior then posterior
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In a patient with severe shortness of breath, the nurse should assess the lungs using a posterior to anterior approach to minimize discomfort and optimize assessment in compromised patients.
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
- A. apneustic
- B. pneumotaxic
- C. expiratory
- D. baroreceptor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: apneustic. Stimulation of the apneustic center in the brainstem prolongs inspiration by sending signals to the respiratory muscles to maintain inspiration. The apneustic center plays a role in regulating the depth and duration of breathing.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: Pneumotaxic center helps regulate the respiratory rate by inhibiting inspiration, not prolonging it.
C: Expiratory center is responsible for controlling expiration, not inspiration.
D: Baroreceptor center is involved in regulating blood pressure, not respiratory functions.
Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?
- A. pharynx
- B. nasal cavity
- C. alveoli
- D. bronchi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: alveoli. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes structures that transport air to and from the gas exchange sites. Alveoli are the primary sites of gas exchange, not part of the conducting zone. Pharynx (A), nasal cavity (B), and bronchi (D) are all part of the conducting zone as they help in air transportation but do not directly participate in gas exchange like alveoli do. Therefore, alveoli is the correct answer as it does not belong to the conducting zone.
smoking is one of the cause of
- A. hypoxia
- B. cancer
- C. emphysema
- D. macrosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: emphysema. Smoking is a leading cause of emphysema due to the damage it causes to the air sacs in the lungs. This damage leads to decreased lung function, shortness of breath, and other respiratory problems. Hypoxia (choice A) is a condition of low oxygen levels in tissues, not directly caused by smoking. Cancer (choice B) is also linked to smoking, but emphysema is specifically associated with lung damage. Macrosis (choice D) is not a recognized medical condition related to smoking or any other factor.
A nurse auscultates a harsh hollow sound over a client's trachea and larynx. Which action should the nurse take first?
- A. Document the findings.
- B. Administer oxygen therapy.
- C. Position the client in high-Fowlers position.
- D. Administer prescribed albuterol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Document the findings. The nurse should first document the assessment findings to establish a baseline and communicate the abnormal sound to the healthcare team for further evaluation. This is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Administering oxygen therapy (B) may be needed depending on the client's oxygen saturation but is not the priority in this situation. Positioning the client in high-Fowlers position (C) may help with breathing but does not address the underlying cause of the abnormal sound. Administering albuterol (D) may be indicated for bronchospasm but should not be done without understanding the cause of the harsh hollow sound first.