Nokea
A commercial enema is prelubricated and is inserted into the rectum
- A. 1 and ¼ inches
- B. ½ inch
- C. ¾ inch
- D. 1 and ½ inches
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: ¾ inch. This length is appropriate for inserting a prelubricated commercial enema into the rectum. Inserting it too shallow (choices A and B) may not reach the desired area for effective administration. Inserting it too deep (choice D) can potentially cause discomfort or injury. Therefore, ¾ inch strikes a balance between reaching the rectum effectively and avoiding unnecessary depth.
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You are called to a scene for a 48-year-old male presenting with sudden onset of severe shortness of breath, tachypnea, and a rapid pulse. He is alert and oriented, and physical exam reveals a swollen right calf with tenderness. Which condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
- A. Acute myocardial infarction
- B. Pulmonary embolism
- C. Tension pneumothorax
- D. Severe asthma attack
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary embolism. In this case, the patient has sudden onset of severe shortness of breath, tachypnea, a rapid pulse, and a swollen right calf with tenderness, which are classic signs of a pulmonary embolism. A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs, blocking blood flow and causing respiratory distress. The presentation of symptoms in this patient aligns with a pulmonary embolism rather than the other choices. Acute myocardial infarction typically presents with chest pain, not primarily shortness of breath. Tension pneumothorax presents with asymmetrical chest rise, tracheal deviation, and absent breath sounds. Severe asthma attack typically presents with wheezing and prolonged expiratory phase.
Which of the following statements is true of urination?
- A. Indwelling catheters do not affect muscle tone.
- B. Fluids high in sodium increase urinary output.
- C. A lack of privacy can affect urination, as can stress.
- D. The bladder holds more urine as people age, causing them to urinate less frequently.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because privacy and stress can indeed affect urination. Privacy allows relaxation, which is essential for the bladder to empty properly. Stress can trigger the fight-or-flight response, leading to urinary retention or urgency.
A: Indwelling catheters can impact muscle tone by causing the bladder muscles to weaken.
B: Fluids high in sodium can actually decrease urinary output by increasing water retention.
D: The bladder capacity decreases with age, leading to more frequent urination due to decreased elasticity.
The circadian rhythm is
- A. A natural period of rest for the mind and body
- B. Deep sleep that helps the body to renew
- C. The 24-hour
- D. day-night cycle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The circadian rhythm is the 24-hour biological cycle that regulates various physiological processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and body temperature. It is synchronized with the day-night cycle. Choice A and B are incorrect as they focus solely on rest and sleep, not the full range of biological processes regulated by the circadian rhythm. Choice D is incorrect as it specifically refers to the day-night cycle, which is just one aspect of the circadian rhythm. The correct answer, C, encompasses the comprehensive definition of the circadian rhythm as a 24-hour biological cycle.
Which of the following statements is true of urination?
- A. Indwelling catheters do not affect muscle tone.
- B. Fluids high in sodium increase urinary output.
- C. A lack of privacy can affect urination, as can stress.
- D. The bladder holds more urine as people age, causing them to urinate less frequently.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (C): A lack of privacy and stress can affect urination as it can lead to inhibition of the relaxation response needed for the bladder to empty fully. Privacy and relaxation are crucial for efficient urination. Stress can also trigger the fight-or-flight response, causing the bladder muscles to contract and prevent proper voiding. Hence, C is the correct statement.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Indwelling catheters can affect muscle tone as they may lead to muscle atrophy and loss of muscle tone in the pelvic floor.
B: Fluids high in sodium may actually decrease urinary output due to increased retention of water in the body.
D: The bladder's capacity decreases with age, leading to more frequent urination rather than less.
For EMS professionals to determine death in the pre-hospital environment, which of the following criteria must be met by the paramedic?
- A. No electrical activity in the heart as confirmed by an EKG tracing indicating asystole
- B. Apnea with a gag reflex as indicated by an attempt to intubate or establish another means of advanced airway
- C. Independent lividity noted to the low points of the patient's body with skin that is cold and clammy
- D. Pupils that are pinpoint, fixed, and non-reactive to light along with decreased muscle tone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: No electrical activity in the heart as confirmed by an EKG tracing indicating asystole. This is the most accurate criteria for determining death in the pre-hospital environment as it indicates complete cessation of cardiac activity. Asystole on an EKG is a definitive sign of cardiac arrest and irreversible death.
Choice B is incorrect because apnea with a gag reflex does not confirm death. A gag reflex may still be present even in a deceased individual.
Choice C is incorrect because lividity and skin condition are not definitive indicators of death and can be influenced by other factors.
Choice D is incorrect because pinpoint pupils and decreased muscle tone are not exclusive to death and can be present in other medical conditions.