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During a consultation, a patient asks about the role of estrogen in the menstrual cycle. What is the nurse's best explanation?
- A. Estrogen triggers the release of mature eggs from the ovaries.
- B. Estrogen supports the growth of the uterine lining for implantation.
- C. Estrogen prevents ovulation during pregnancy.
- D. Estrogen regulates the production of progesterone.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Estrogen supports the growth of the uterine lining for implantation. Estrogen plays a key role in the menstrual cycle by stimulating the thickening of the endometrium (uterine lining) to prepare for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. This process occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Choice A is incorrect because ovulation is primarily triggered by luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, not estrogen. Choice C is incorrect as estrogen levels decrease during pregnancy, allowing ovulation to occur. Choice D is incorrect because while estrogen and progesterone work together in the menstrual cycle, estrogen does not directly regulate progesterone production.
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During an IVF cycle, a patient asks about embryo transfer timing. What is the nurse's best explanation?
- A. Embryos are always transferred on the day of fertilization.
- B. Embryo transfer typically occurs 3 to 5 days after fertilization.
- C. Timing depends on uterine size, not embryo development.
- D. Transfer is done after pregnancy is confirmed.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Embryo transfer typically occurs 3 to 5 days after fertilization. This timing aligns with the development of embryos to the blastocyst stage, which is crucial for successful implantation in the uterus. By waiting until this stage, the chances of a successful pregnancy are increased. Choice A is incorrect because embryos do not reach the blastocyst stage on the day of fertilization. Choice C is incorrect as embryo development stage is a key factor in determining the timing of transfer. Choice D is incorrect as waiting until pregnancy is confirmed would delay the transfer unnecessarily.
A patient asks about the effects of smoking on male fertility. What should the nurse include in the response?
- A. Smoking increases testosterone levels, improving fertility.
- B. Smoking affects sperm count, motility, and morphology.
- C. Smoking has no significant impact on male reproductive health.
- D. Smoking only affects fertility when combined with alcohol use.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because smoking has been proven to negatively impact male fertility by reducing sperm count, motility, and morphology. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in cigarettes can damage sperm DNA and affect reproductive health. Choice A is incorrect as smoking actually decreases testosterone levels. Choice C is incorrect as smoking does have a significant impact on male reproductive health. Choice D is incorrect because smoking alone can still affect male fertility without the need for alcohol use.
Which lifestyle change should the nurse suggest to improve fertility for both partners?
- A. Increase protein intake significantly.
- B. Exercise rigorously every day.
- C. Maintain a balanced diet and healthy weight.
- D. Reduce water consumption to avoid bloating.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Maintain a balanced diet and healthy weight. This suggestion is crucial for improving fertility as it promotes overall health, hormonal balance, and reproductive function in both partners. A balanced diet provides essential nutrients for reproductive health, while maintaining a healthy weight reduces the risk of infertility related to obesity or underweight. Option A is incorrect as excessive protein intake can negatively impact fertility. Option B is incorrect as excessive rigorous exercise may disrupt hormonal balance and affect fertility. Option D is incorrect as proper hydration is essential for reproductive health and reducing water consumption is not recommended for fertility improvement.
What is a typical characteristic of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affecting fertility?
- A. Regular ovulation.
- B. Increased androgen levels.
- C. Reduced ovarian size.
- D. High levels of estrogen throughout the cycle.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased androgen levels. In PCOS, there is often an imbalance in hormone levels, including increased androgens like testosterone. This can disrupt normal ovulation and affect fertility. Regular ovulation (choice A) is typically not seen in PCOS. Reduced ovarian size (choice C) is not a typical characteristic, as ovaries can actually be enlarged in PCOS due to multiple small cysts. High levels of estrogen throughout the cycle (choice D) is not a defining feature of PCOS, as estrogen levels can vary in affected individuals. Ultimately, the increased androgen levels in PCOS are a key factor contributing to fertility issues in affected individuals.
A woman is seeking genetic counseling during her pregnancy. She has a strong family history of diabetes mellitus. She wishes to have an amniocentesis to determine whether she is carrying a baby who will 'develop diabetes.' Which of the following replies would be most appropriate for the nurse to make?
- A. Doctors don't do amniocenteses to detect diabetes.
- B. Diabetes cannot be diagnosed by looking at the genes.
- C. Although diabetes does have a genetic component
- D. diet and exercise also determine whether or not someone is diabetic.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes involves genetic and environmental factors.