Nokea
A dentist examined a 5-year-old boy and found him to have a saddle nose, high-arched palate, natiform skull. Both front maxillary incisors are peg-shaped and have a crescent-shaped notch in the cutting edge. Lymph nodes are not changed. What is the provisional diagnosis?
- A. Late congenital syphilis
- B. Early congenital syphilis
- C. Tertiary syphilis
- D. Fluorosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Late congenital syphilis. The symptoms described align with late congenital syphilis, which includes saddle nose, high-arched palate, natiform skull, peg-shaped incisors, and notched cutting edge. Lymph nodes not being affected is also consistent with late congenital syphilis. Early congenital syphilis (B) typically presents with more severe symptoms at birth or shortly after. Tertiary syphilis (C) usually occurs years after initial infection and presents with different symptoms. Fluorosis (D) is caused by excessive fluoride intake and does not match the symptoms described.
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A patient has a suspected pneumonia. In his sputum there were revealed gram-positive diplococci, prolonged with the slightly pointed opposite ends. What microorganisms are revealed in the sputum?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Streptococcus pneumonia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The description matches that of Streptococcus pneumoniae, which appears as gram-positive diplococci with slightly pointed opposite ends. Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Neisseria meningitidis do not match the specific characteristics described in the question. Staphylococcus aureus appears in grape-like clusters, while Neisseria species are typically seen as diplococci but lack the pointed shape described. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Staphylococcus aureus.
Which of the following is used to test for bacterial antibiotic susceptibility?
- A. Gram stain
- B. Catalase test
- C. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test
- D. Endospore stain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. This test is used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria by measuring the zone of inhibition around antibiotic-soaked paper disks. It helps identify which antibiotics are effective against the bacteria being tested. This test is crucial in guiding antibiotic treatment decisions.
A: Gram stain is used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition and morphology, not for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
B: Catalase test is used to differentiate between catalase-positive and catalase-negative bacteria, not for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
D: Endospore stain is used to detect the presence of endospores in bacteria, not for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
What would be the conclusion?
- A. The water is safe for consumption
- B. The water quality is doubtful
- C. The water quality is extremely doubtful
- D. The water is polluted
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B being correct:
1. The conclusion should be based on evidence or observations.
2. "Doubtful" suggests uncertainty, indicating lack of definitive safety.
3. Choice A is too absolute without considering potential risks.
4. Choice C uses extreme language without proper evidence.
5. Choice D is overly definitive without considering varying levels of contamination. Therefore, choice B is the most reasonable conclusion.
Which of the following bacteria is known to cause strep throat?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- D. Clostridium tetani
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Streptococcus pyogenes is commonly known as Group A Streptococcus, which is the primary bacteria responsible for causing strep throat.
Step 2: Staphylococcus aureus is not typically associated with strep throat but can cause skin infections and other illnesses.
Step 3: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacteria responsible for gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection, not strep throat.
Step 4: Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and is not related to strep throat.
A 34 year old male patient consulted a doctor about face carbuncle. Objectively: a loose, painless edema of hypodermic tissue; black crust in the center of carbuncle, vesicular rash around it. Microbiological examination revealed static streptobacilli capable of capsule building. What microorganisms are the causative agents of this disease?
- A. Bacillus antracis
- B. Staptylococcus aureus
- C. Bacillus subtilis
- D. Bacillus anthracoides
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is a common causative agent of skin infections like carbuncles. Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to produce pus-filled abscesses, which aligns with the symptoms described in the question. The presence of a vesicular rash around the carbuncle further supports this diagnosis, as Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin lesions. The other choices are not correct because:
A: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, which presents with different symptoms such as fever, malaise, and respiratory symptoms.
C: Bacillus subtilis is a harmless soil bacterium commonly used in research and not known to cause skin infections.
D: Bacillus anthracoides is not a known pathogen and is not associated with human infections.