Nokea
A goiter is an enlargement or hypertrophy of which gland?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Adrenal
- C. Anterior pituitary
- D. Posterior pituitary
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency or thyroid dysfunction. It is not associated with adrenal, anterior, or posterior pituitary glands.
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What clinical manifestation occurs with hypoglycemia?
- A. Lethargy
- B. Confusion
- C. Nausea and vomiting
- D. Weakness and dizziness
- E. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypoglycemia manifests as weakness, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, sweating, and pallor due to low glucose affecting the brain and body. Lethargy, confusion, and nausea are more typical of hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia.
A child with hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) is receiving propylthiouracil. The parents and child should be taught to recognize and report which sign or symptom immediately?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Weight loss
- C. Fever, sore throat
- D. Upper respiratory tract infection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Fever and sore throat may indicate leukopenia, a serious side effect of propylthiouracil, requiring immediate reporting. Fatigue and weight loss are symptoms of hyperthyroidism, not drug complications, and upper respiratory infections are typically viral, not urgent.
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids are secreted by which gland?
- A. Thyroid gland
- B. Adrenal cortex
- C. Anterior pituitary
- D. Parathyroid glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids. The thyroid produces thyroid hormone, the anterior pituitary secretes hormones like GH and ACTH, and the parathyroids produce parathyroid hormone.
Homeostasis in the body is maintained by what is collectively known as the neuroendocrine system. What is the name of the nervous system that is involved?
- A. Central
- B. Skeletal
- C. Peripheral
- D. Autonomic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The autonomic nervous system, comprising sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, regulates involuntary functions to maintain homeostasis with the endocrine system. Central, skeletal, and peripheral nervous systems are not part of the neuroendocrine system.
The parents of a child who has just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes ask about exercise. What effect does exercise have on a type 1 diabetic?
- A. Exercise increases blood glucose.
- B. Extra insulin is required during exercise.
- C. Additional snacks are needed before exercise.
- D. Excessive physical activity should be restricted.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exercise lowers blood glucose in type 1 diabetes, requiring additional snacks to prevent hypoglycemia. It doesn?t increase glucose, reduces insulin needs, and should be encouraged unless contraindicated by other conditions.