Nokea
A lumbar puncture is performed on a child suspected of having bacterial meningitis. CSF is obtained for analysis. A nurse reviews the results of the CSF analysis and determines that which of the following results would verify the diagnosis?
- A. Cloudy CSF, decreased protein, and decreased glucose
- B. Cloudy CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose
- C. Clear CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose
- D. Clear CSF, decreased pressure, and elevated protein
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bacterial meningitis is characterized by cloudy CSF due to the presence of white blood cells, elevated protein levels, and decreased glucose levels. These findings result from the inflammatory response to bacterial infection in the meninges. Confirming these results is critical for initiating appropriate antibiotic therapy.
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Which myotome is responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle
- A. L4/5
- B. L5/S1
- C. S1/2
- D. S2/3
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The S1 and S2 nerve roots innervate the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which are responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle. This is important in assessing sacral nerve root function.
Quadriplegia or tetraplegia refers to paralysis involving what part(s) of the body?
- A. all four limbs
- B. the entire body
- C. the legs and feet
- D. the arms and hands
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, refers to paralysis affecting all four limbs and typically the torso. It is usually caused by a spinal cord injury in the cervical region, which disrupts communication between the brain and the limbs.
Neurons come in which different type(s)?
- A. Sensory
- B. Motor
- C. Skeletal
- D. A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurons are classified into sensory neurons, which transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, and motor neurons, which carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Skeletal refers to muscle tissue, not neuron types. Understanding these types helps explain how the nervous system processes and responds to information.
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation would most likely cause an animal to:
- A. sneeze
- B. become blind
- C. wake up if it had been sleeping
- D. stop breathing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a key role in regulating arousal and consciousness. Electrical stimulation of this area can activate the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which promotes wakefulness and alertness. This is why stimulating the reticular formation would most likely cause a sleeping animal to wake up. The reticular formation also helps filter sensory information and maintain attention.
Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to impair:
- A. memory
- B. balance
- C. sleep
- D. breathing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hippocampus is a brain structure critical for forming and retrieving memories, particularly long-term memories. Damage to the hippocampus, such as from injury or disease, can result in severe memory impairments, including the inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) or recall past events (retrograde amnesia). The hippocampus also plays a role in spatial navigation and contextual learning, making it essential for cognitive function.