Nokea
A major effector function of TH2 cells is:
- A. Protection against intracellular bacteria
- B. Protection against parasitic worms
- C. Regulation of the adaptive immune response through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines
- D. Activation of macrophages
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because TH2 cells play a crucial role in protecting against parasitic worms by secreting cytokines that promote eosinophil activation and antibody production. This response helps to expel the parasites from the body.
Incorrect choices:
A: TH1 cells are responsible for protection against intracellular bacteria.
C: TH3 cells, not TH2 cells, are known for secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines.
D: Activation of macrophages is primarily mediated by TH1 cells through IFN-gamma secretion.
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Lysozyme is NOT
- A. An enzyme present in secretions and tears
- B. A type of Defensin
- C. Part of the chemical innate barriers to infection
- D. A protein capable of dissolving the cell wall of bacteria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because lysozyme is not a type of defensin. Lysozyme is an enzyme present in secretions and tears, part of chemical innate barriers to infection, and capable of dissolving the cell wall of bacteria. Defensins are a different type of antimicrobial peptides that function by disrupting the microbial cell membrane. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it does not accurately describe lysozyme's function.
A patient with advanced AIDS has a nursing diagnosis of impaired memory related to neurologic changes. In planning care for the patient, what should the nurse set as the highest priority?
- A. Maintain a safe patient environment
- B. Provide a quiet, nonstressful environment to avoid overstimulation
- C. Use memory cues such as calendars and clocks to promote orientation
- D. Provide written instructions of directions to promote understanding and orientation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Safety is paramount for cognitively impaired patients. Preventing falls and ensuring access to necessities takes precedence over other interventions.
The new parents of an infant born with Down syndrome ask the nurse what happened to cause the chromosomal abnormality. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. During cell division of the reproductive cells there is an error causing an abnormal number of chromosomes.
- B. A mutation in one of the chromosomes created an autosomal recessive gene that is expressed as Down syndrome.
- C. An abnormal gene on one of the two chromosomes was transferred to the fetus, causing an abnormal chromosome.
- D. A process of translocation caused the exchange of genetic material between the two chromosomes in the cell, resulting in abnormal chromosomes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Down syndrome is primarily caused by nondisjunction during meiosis, leading to an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Why must clients,who will undergo diagnostic skin tests,avoid taking antihistamine or cold preparations for at least 48 to 72 hours before testing?
- A. Antihistamines may increase the potential for excessive bleeding.
- B. Antihistamines may aggravate the allergic reaction.
- C. Antihistamines may increase the potential for false-negative test results.
- D. Antihistamines may cause wheezing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Antihistamines can suppress the allergic response,leading to false-negative results in skin tests.
TLR-3 detects viruses found in:
- A. Cytosol
- B. Extracellular space
- C. Endosomes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TLR-3 detects viruses in endosomes. When a virus enters a host cell, it is often engulfed into endosomes. TLR-3 recognizes viral RNA within endosomes and triggers an immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because TLR-3 does not detect viruses in the cytosol or extracellular space. Choice D is incorrect because TLR-3 specifically functions in endosomes to detect viral RNA.