Nokea
A male client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recovering from a myocardial infarction. Because the client is extremely weak and can't produce an effective cough, the nurse should monitor closely for:
- A. Pleural effusion
- B. Pulmonary edema
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Oxygen toxicity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Atelectasis. In a client with COPD recovering from a myocardial infarction, the weakened state and ineffective cough can lead to the collapse of alveoli, causing atelectasis. This condition can further impair gas exchange and oxygenation, leading to respiratory distress. Monitoring for atelectasis is crucial to prevent complications. Pleural effusion (A) and pulmonary edema (B) are not directly related to the client's condition and symptoms. Oxygen toxicity (D) is a potential concern with high oxygen therapy but is not the most immediate risk for this client scenario.
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A patient is scheduled to have excess pleural fluid aspirated with a needle in order to relieve her dyspnea. The patient inquires about the normal function of pleural fluid. What should the nurse describe?
- A. It allows for full expansion of the lungs within the thoracic cavity.
- B. It prevents the lungs from collapsing within the thoracic cavity.
- C. It limits lung expansion within the thoracic cavity.
- D. It lubricates the movement of the thorax and lungs.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: It lubricates the movement of the thorax and lungs. Pleural fluid acts as a lubricant between the layers of the pleura, reducing friction and allowing smooth movement during respiration. This function is crucial for the efficient expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing.
Explanation:
1. A (It allows for full expansion of the lungs within the thoracic cavity): While pleural fluid does contribute to lung expansion, its main role is not to solely allow for full expansion.
2. B (It prevents the lungs from collapsing within the thoracic cavity): This is incorrect as the pleural pressure, rather than the pleural fluid, prevents lung collapse.
3. C (It limits lung expansion within the thoracic cavity): This is incorrect as pleural fluid actually facilitates lung expansion by reducing friction.
Tidal volume in human beings is
- A. 1000 ml
- B. 1500 ml
- C. 500 ml
- D. 4.5 ml
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 500 ml. Tidal volume refers to the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing. In adult humans, the average tidal volume is around 500 ml. This volume represents the typical amount of air exchanged with each breath. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the standard tidal volume in human beings. Option A (1000 ml) and B (1500 ml) are too high for a normal tidal volume, while option D (4.5 ml) is too low. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it aligns with the average tidal volume in human beings.
When the nurse reads the diagnosis of centrilobar emphysema, the nurse recognizes that this type of emphysema is characterized by:
- A. No significant smoking history in the patient.
- B. Enlarged and broken down bronchioles, with intact alveoli.
- C. Hypoelastic bronchi and bronchioles.
- D. Deficiency of the enzyme inhibitor alpha "“ antitrypsin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because centrilobar emphysema is characterized by enlarged and broken down bronchioles with intact alveoli. This type of emphysema primarily affects the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts in the upper lung lobes. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Significant smoking history is usually present in patients with centrilobar emphysema. C) Hypoelastic bronchi and bronchioles are not characteristic of centrilobar emphysema. D) Deficiency of the enzyme inhibitor alpha-1 antitrypsin is associated with a different type of emphysema called panlobar emphysema, not centrilobar emphysema.
Which information from a client helps the nurse confirm the previous diagnosis of chronic stable angina?
- A. The pain wakes me up at night.
- B. The pain is level 3 to 5 (0 to 10 scale).
- C. The pain has gotten worse over the last week.
- D. The pain goes away after I stop jogging.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because chronic stable angina is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that is triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress and relieved by rest or medication. Therefore, the fact that the pain goes away after stopping jogging aligns with the typical pattern of chronic stable angina.
A: The pain waking the client up at night is more indicative of unstable angina or a heart attack.
B: The level of pain on a scale does not provide conclusive evidence of chronic stable angina.
C: Pain worsening over time may suggest unstable angina or a heart attack rather than chronic stable angina.
cochlea's have how many fluid filled chamber?
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The cochlea has 3 fluid-filled chambers: the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani. These chambers are essential for hearing as they contain different fluids (perilymph and endolymph) that help transmit sound vibrations. Choice A (1 chamber) is incorrect as the cochlea has multiple distinct chambers. Choice B (2 chambers) is incorrect as it does not accurately reflect the anatomical structure of the cochlea. Choice D (4 chambers) is incorrect as the cochlea typically consists of 3 chambers, not 4. Therefore, the correct answer is C (3 chambers) based on the accurate anatomical structure of the cochlea.