Nokea
A man who has been exposed to high levels of gamma radiation is sterile due to destruction of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, although he has normal levels of testosterone. Which of the following would be found in this patient?
- A. Normal secretory pattern of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- B. Normal levels of inhibin
- C. Suppressed levels of follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Absence of Leydig cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: High levels of gamma radiation cause destruction of germinal epithelium, leading to infertility.
Step 2: Normal testosterone levels indicate intact Leydig cells, responsible for testosterone production.
Step 3: Normal secretory pattern of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is expected as it regulates pituitary hormone secretion.
Step 4: Inhibin is produced by Sertoli cells (part of germinal epithelium) and would be decreased due to destruction.
Step 5: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels would be elevated, not suppressed, due to lack of inhibin feedback.
Step 6: Leydig cells are intact, so Leydig cells are not absent in this scenario.
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Which questions are appropriate for a symptom analysis of a patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- A. How often have you found that you stopped and started again several times when you urinated?
- B. How often have you had to urinate again less than 2 hours after you finished urinating?
- C. How often have you been incontinent of urine?
- D. How often have you had constipation due to the enlarged prostate?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because frequent urination less than 2 hours after finishing can be indicative of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This symptom, known as urgency, is common in patients with BPH due to bladder irritation. Option A relates more to urinary flow patterns, not specifically associated with BPH. Option C pertains to urinary incontinence, which is not typically a symptom of BPH. Option D is not directly related to BPH symptoms, as constipation is not a common manifestation of this condition.
The main structures in erectile tissue responsible for maintaining an erection are the:
- A. pacinian corpuscles
- B. peripheral nerves
- C. helicine arteries
- D. Acrosome phase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: helicine arteries. Helicine arteries are the main structures in erectile tissue responsible for maintaining an erection. They dilate in response to signals from the nervous system, allowing increased blood flow into the penis, leading to an erection. Pacinian corpuscles (A) are sensory receptors for touch and pressure, not involved in erectile function. Peripheral nerves (B) transmit signals between the brain and the penis but are not directly responsible for maintaining an erection. Acrosome phase (D) is a term related to sperm structure and not relevant to erectile tissue function.
Seven days after ovulation, pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) decreases rapidly. What is the cause of this decrease in secretion?
- A. The anterior pituitary gland becomes unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- B. Estrogen from the developing follicles exerts a feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus
- C. The rise in body temperature inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH
- D. Secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of LH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: After ovulation, the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum.
Step 2: The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Step 3: Estrogen and progesterone exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus.
Step 4: This inhibits the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus.
Step 5: Decreased GnRH leads to reduced LH secretion from the pituitary.
Therefore, the correct answer is D because the secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum suppresses the hypothalamic secretion of GnRH, resulting in decreased pituitary LH secretion.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. The anterior pituitary gland's responsiveness to GnRH is not the cause of the decrease in LH secretion.
B: Incorrect. Estrogen exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus, not the pituitary.
C: Incorrect. Rise in body temperature does not directly inhibit GnRH secretion
The pregnancy period is:
- A. 120 days;
- B. nine weeks;
- C. 280 weeks;
- D. 280 days;
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 280 days. The pregnancy period, also known as gestation, typically lasts around 280 days from the first day of the last menstrual period to the birth of the baby. This duration is calculated based on the average length of a full-term pregnancy, which is approximately 40 weeks. It is important to note that individual pregnancies may vary slightly in duration, but the standard reference is 280 days.
Explanation of other choices:
A: 120 days - This is too short for a full-term pregnancy.
B: Nine weeks - This is only around 63 days, which is far less than the average gestation period.
C: 280 weeks - This is equivalent to around 1960 days, which is much longer than a typical pregnancy duration.
When a nurse is educating a group of women about the risks of breast cancer, she includes which of the following common risk factor?
- A. Older than 30 years of age
- B. Family history of breast cancer
- C. African-American heritage
- D. Breast tenderness, without any sensation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Family history is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer.