Nokea
A married couple has come to the clinic seeking advice on pregnancy. They have been trying to conceive for 4 months and have not been successful. What should the nurse do first?
- A. Ascertain whether either of them has been using broad-spectrum antibiotics.
- B. Explain that couples are considered infertile after 1 year of unprotected intercourse.
- C. Immediately refer the woman to an expert in pelvic inflammatory disease – the most common cause of infertility.
- D. Explain that couples are considered infertile after 3 months of engaging in unprotected intercourse and that they will need a referral to a fertility expert.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it aligns with standard medical guidelines. Couples are typically considered infertile after 1 year of trying to conceive without success. This timeframe allows for natural variations in fertility and is when medical intervention is usually recommended.
A: Ascertain antibiotic use is not the first step as it may not be directly related to infertility.
C: Referring to pelvic inflammatory disease assumes a diagnosis without proper evaluation.
D: Incorrect timeline of 3 months and immediate referral to a fertility expert is premature without giving time for natural conception.
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Which disease causes connective tissue changes that cause glomerulonephritis?
- A. Gout
- B. Amyloidosis
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the kidneys. In SLE, the immune system attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage to the connective tissues in the kidneys, resulting in glomerulonephritis. Gout (A) is a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals, not directly related to glomerulonephritis. Amyloidosis (B) is a condition where abnormal protein deposits can accumulate in organs, but it does not primarily cause glomerulonephritis. Diabetes mellitus (C) can lead to diabetic nephropathy, a common cause of kidney damage, but it does not directly cause glomerulonephritis associated with connective tissue changes.
You are providing care for a patient with reflex urinary incontinence. Which action is appropriately delegated to the new LPN/LVN?
- A. Teach the patient bladder emptying by the Credé method.
- B. Demonstrate how to perform intermittent self-catheterization.
- C. Discuss the side effects of bethanechol chloride (Urecholine).
- D. Reinforce the importance of proper handwashing to prevent infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because demonstrating how to perform intermittent self-catheterization is within the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN. This task involves a specific skill set that can be taught and supervised by the LPN/LVN. It is essential for managing reflex urinary incontinence and maintaining bladder function. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because teaching the patient bladder emptying by the Credé method (A) and discussing the side effects of bethanechol chloride (C) are tasks that require a higher level of nursing education and knowledge. Reinforcing the importance of proper handwashing (D) is a basic nursing task that can be performed by a nursing assistant or other unlicensed assistive personnel.
A patient has undergone the creation of an Indiana been asked about actions to reduce the risk of bladder pouch for the treatment of bladder cancer. The nurse
- A. addresses a major risk factor for bladder cancer? How can the nurse best address the effects of this
- B. Smoking cessation urinary diversion on the patients body image?
- C. Reduction of alcohol intake
- D. Emphasize that the diversion is an integral part of
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because addressing a major risk factor for bladder cancer, such as smoking, is crucial in preventing recurrence. Smoking is a well-established risk factor for bladder cancer, so educating the patient on smoking cessation is essential. This step can significantly reduce the risk of developing bladder cancer again.
Choice B is incorrect as it focuses on body image concerns, which are important but not directly related to reducing the risk of bladder cancer. Choice C is incorrect because while reducing alcohol intake is beneficial for overall health, it is not a major risk factor for bladder cancer. Choice D is incorrect as it does not directly address a specific risk factor for bladder cancer like smoking does.
When caring for the patient with interstitial cystitis, what can the nurse teach the patient to do?
- A. Avoid foods that make the urine more alkaline.
- B. Use high-potency vitamin therapy to decrease the autoimmune effects of the disorder.
- C. Always keep a voiding diary to document pain, voiding frequency, and patterns of nocturia.
- D. Use the dietary supplement calcium glycerophosphate (Prelief) to decrease bladder irritation.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Calcium glycerophosphate (Prelief) is a dietary supplement that helps decrease bladder irritation in patients with interstitial cystitis. It works by reducing the acidity of foods and beverages that can irritate the bladder. This can help alleviate symptoms such as bladder pain and urgency.
Avoiding foods that make the urine more alkaline (choice A) is not recommended for patients with interstitial cystitis as it can worsen symptoms. Using high-potency vitamin therapy (choice B) to decrease autoimmune effects is not a standard treatment for interstitial cystitis. Keeping a voiding diary (choice C) is helpful for tracking symptoms but does not directly address bladder irritation like calcium glycerophosphate does.
Which of the following is a substance that the kidneys remove from the blood during filtration?
- A. Carbon Dioxide
- B. Salts
- C. Oxygen
- D. Red Blood Cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Salts. During filtration in the kidneys, salts (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride) are removed from the blood to maintain proper electrolyte balance. Carbon dioxide (A) is primarily eliminated through respiration, not filtration by the kidneys. Oxygen (C) is essential for cellular respiration and is not typically removed by the kidneys. Red blood cells (D) are not filtered out by the kidneys unless there is a medical condition affecting the kidneys' function. Thus, the correct answer is B as salts are one of the key substances removed during kidney filtration to regulate electrolyte levels in the body.