Nokea
A neonate whose birth weight is 1201 grams is regarded as
- A. Genetically small neonate
- B. Low birth weight neonate
- C. Very low birth weight neonate
- D. Extremely low birth weight neonate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Very low birth weight neonate. This designation is given to infants whose birth weight is less than 1500 grams. In this case, the neonate's weight of 1201 grams falls within the criteria for very low birth weight. Choice A is incorrect because being genetically small does not necessarily equate to low birth weight. Choice B is incorrect as low birth weight typically refers to infants weighing between 1500-2499 grams. Choice D is incorrect as extremely low birth weight pertains to infants weighing less than 1000 grams.
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A patient admitted for management of sepsis is critically ill and wants to talk with a hospital representative about donating her organs if she dies. She has a fairly complex medical history that includes traumatic brain injury, breast cancer, and dialysis-dependent renal failure. The patient is advised that she is ineligible to donate due to her
- A. Renal failure
- B. Traumatic brain injury
- C. Gram negative infection
- D. Breast cancer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gram negative infection. In sepsis, especially with a Gram negative infection, organ donation may pose a risk of transmitting the infection to the recipient. This can be life-threatening for the organ recipient. Renal failure (choice A), traumatic brain injury (choice B), and breast cancer (choice D) are not direct contraindications to organ donation. Renal failure may limit the suitability of certain organs, but it does not automatically disqualify a patient from donating other organs. Traumatic brain injury may impact brain donation but does not rule out other organ donation. Breast cancer may affect eligibility for certain organs but does not universally disqualify a patient from organ donation.
In the preoperative assessment of a patient for the likelihood of postoperative risk, ascorbic acid deficiency, anemia, and volume contraction are all risk factors for
- A. Prolonged intubation
- B. Thromboembolism
- C. Delayed wound healing
- D. Atelectasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D (Atelectasis) is correct:
1. Ascorbic acid deficiency can lead to impaired lung function, increasing the risk of atelectasis.
2. Anemia can cause decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, contributing to atelectasis.
3. Volume contraction can lead to reduced lung expansion, further predisposing to atelectasis.
Summary:
- Choice A (Prolonged intubation): Intubation duration is more related to respiratory complications, not directly linked to the mentioned risk factors.
- Choice B (Thromboembolism): Risk factors like immobility and hypercoagulability are more relevant to thromboembolism.
- Choice C (Delayed wound healing): More associated with factors like malnutrition and impaired immune function rather than the mentioned risk factors.
Incidental antepartum haemorrhage is also referred to as
- A. Intraplacental haemorrhage
- B. Intrapartum haemorrhage
- C. Extraplacental haemorrhage
- D. Preterm haemorrhage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Extraplacental haemorrhage. Incidental antepartum haemorrhage refers to bleeding from a source other than the placenta, such as the cervix or vagina, before delivery. Intraplacental haemorrhage (choice A) refers to bleeding within the placenta itself, not outside it. Intrapartum haemorrhage (choice B) occurs during labor and delivery, not before. Preterm haemorrhage (choice D) is not a specific term used to describe antepartum bleeding. Therefore, the correct term for antepartum bleeding from a non-placental source is extraplacental haemorrhage.
T. S. is a 31-year-old female who is admitted following a catastrophic industrial accident. She had multiple injuries, and after a 10-day hospital stay that included several operations and attempts to save her, she is declared brain dead. She had an organ donor notation on her drivers license. Which of the following circumstances precludes her from serving as a liver donor?
- A. Encephalopathy
- B. Hepatitis C infection
- C. A long history of alcohol use
- D. Biliary cirrhosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: A long history of alcohol use. In this case, the patient T. S. is brain dead following a catastrophic accident. Although she had an organ donor notation, her long history of alcohol use precludes her from serving as a liver donor. Chronic alcohol use can lead to liver damage and compromise the quality of the liver for transplantation. Encephalopathy (choice A) is a potential complication of liver disease, but it does not preclude her from being a liver donor. Hepatitis C infection (choice B) and biliary cirrhosis (choice D) may affect the liver, but they do not automatically disqualify her as a donor.
How can a healthcare provider support a woman with hyperemesis gravidarum?
- A. Prescribe anti-nausea medication
- B. Recommend bed rest
- C. Suggest a high-protein diet
- D. Advise on exercise
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prescribe anti-nausea medication. This is the most appropriate choice to manage hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of morning sickness. Anti-nausea medication can help alleviate symptoms and prevent dehydration. Choice B (Recommend bed rest) may not directly address the nausea and vomiting associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. Choice C (Suggest a high-protein diet) and D (Advise on exercise) may not be effective in managing the condition or providing immediate relief from symptoms. Anti-nausea medication is the most evidence-based approach to support a woman with hyperemesis gravidarum.