Nokea
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is characterized by underdevelopment of
- A. Pulmonary veins, ventricles and aortic valve
- B. Left ventricle, atrium and pulmonary vessels
- C. Aortic arch, venacava and right atrium
- D. Left ventricle, aortic valve and arch
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome involves underdevelopment of the left ventricle, aortic valve, and aortic arch.
2. The left ventricle is essential for pumping oxygenated blood to the body.
3. Aortic valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.
4. Aortic arch connects the ascending and descending aorta.
Summary:
A - Incorrect, as it includes pulmonary veins not related to hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
B - Incorrect, as it includes structures not primarily affected in this condition.
C - Incorrect, as it does not involve structures related to the left side of the heart.
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Bruised and oedematous appearance of the uterus, associated with placenta abruption is collectively referred to as
- A. Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- B. Uterine prolapse
- C. Couvelaire uterus
- D. Asherman’s syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Couvelaire uterus. This condition refers to the bruised and edematous appearance of the uterus associated with placental abruption. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall prematurely, leading to bleeding and a compromised blood supply to the uterus. The bruised appearance is due to blood infiltrating the myometrium.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Wernicke’s encephalopathy - This is a neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, not related to uterine issues.
B: Uterine prolapse - This is the descent or herniation of the uterus into or beyond the vaginal canal, not related to placental abruption.
D: Asherman’s syndrome - This is characterized by intrauterine adhesions or scar tissue, typically a result of uterine surgery, not associated with placental abruption.
Incidental antepartum haemorrhage is also referred to as
- A. Intraplacental haemorrhage
- B. Intrapartum haemorrhage
- C. Extraplacental haemorrhage
- D. Preterm haemorrhage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Extraplacental haemorrhage. Incidental antepartum haemorrhage refers to bleeding from a source other than the placenta, such as the cervix or vagina, before delivery. Intraplacental haemorrhage (choice A) refers to bleeding within the placenta itself, not outside it. Intrapartum haemorrhage (choice B) occurs during labor and delivery, not before. Preterm haemorrhage (choice D) is not a specific term used to describe antepartum bleeding. Therefore, the correct term for antepartum bleeding from a non-placental source is extraplacental haemorrhage.
The complication that is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum is
- A. Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- B. Sheehan’s syndrome
- C. Maurice encephalitis
- D. Antepartum bleeding
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Wernicke's encephalopathy. Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Wernicke's encephalopathy is a neurological complication due to thiamine deficiency, which can occur in severe cases of vomiting, leading to impaired brain function. Sheehan's syndrome is a complication of postpartum pituitary necrosis. Maurice encephalitis is a fictional term not related to this context. Antepartum bleeding is not a typical complication of hyperemesis gravidarum. Therefore, the correct answer is A due to the potential neurological impact of severe vomiting on thiamine levels.
Teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities include
- A. Medical conditions and pesticides
- B. Prescription drugs and chromosomes
- C. Radiation and substances of abuse
- D. Disordered genes and medical conditions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because radiation and substances of abuse are known teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities. Radiation exposure can lead to genetic mutations and developmental issues in the fetus. Substances of abuse like alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs can also negatively impact fetal development.
A: Medical conditions and pesticides may have negative effects on pregnancy outcomes, but they are not typically classified as teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities.
B: Prescription drugs can be teratogenic in some cases, but not all prescription drugs have harmful effects on fetal development. Chromosomes are not typically considered teratogenic causes.
D: Disordered genes can lead to congenital abnormalities, but they are not classified as teratogenic causes. Medical conditions are not universally teratogenic.
Pneumatosis, or gas cysts, may form in the wall anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract in some cases, they will produce symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, diarrhea with mucus, and excess flatulence. Treatment of pneumatosis most often involves
- A. Several days of oxygen by face mask
- B. Hyperbaric oxygen
- C. Surgical resection
- D. Treatment of underlying disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperbaric oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the most effective treatment for pneumatosis as it helps to reduce gas cysts by increasing oxygen levels in the tissues. This promotes healing and resolution of the condition.
A: Several days of oxygen by face mask - Regular oxygen therapy is not as effective as hyperbaric oxygen in treating pneumatosis.
C: Surgical resection - Surgical resection is not typically the first-line treatment for pneumatosis and is usually reserved for severe cases or complications.
D: Treatment of underlying disease - While treating the underlying disease is important, it may not directly address the gas cysts in the gastrointestinal tract. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy targets the gas cysts specifically.