Nokea
A nurse enters the room of a client with cramping, bloating, and flatus, as well as diarrhea and/or constipation, with or without the presence of mucus. What condition do the client's symptoms represent?
- A. Peritonitis
- B. Irritable bowel syndrome
- C. Ulcerative colitis
- D. Appendicitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Irritable bowel syndrome. The symptoms described align with the criteria for diagnosing IBS, such as cramping, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Peritonitis (A) is characterized by severe abdominal pain, fever, and rigidity. Ulcerative colitis (C) presents with bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Appendicitis (D) typically causes localized right lower quadrant pain, nausea, and vomiting. Therefore, based on the given symptoms, IBS is the most likely diagnosis.
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Which of the following is true:
- A. Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion.
- B. The normal concentration of bilirubin in the plasma is about 0.8 gm%.
- C. Submucosal plexus controls GIT motility.
- D. Pepsinogen activation needs Ca.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the normal concentration of bilirubin in the plasma is about 0.8 gm%, which is a commonly accepted fact in medicine. Bilirubin is a product of hemoglobin breakdown and is typically measured in the blood to assess liver function and detect certain medical conditions.
A, C, and D are incorrect:
A: Myenteric plexus controls GIT motility, not secretion.
C: Submucosal plexus controls GIT secretion, not motility.
D: Pepsinogen activation needs hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, not calcium.
Which patient is at highest risk for having a gastric ulcer?
- A. 55-year-old female, smoker, with nausea and vomiting
- B. 45-year-old female admitted for illicit drug detoxification
- C. 37-year-old male, smoker, who fell while looking for a job
- D. 27-year old male who is being divorced and has back pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a 55-year-old female who is a smoker and experiencing symptoms of nausea and vomiting has multiple risk factors for developing a gastric ulcer. Smoking and older age are established risk factors for gastric ulcers. Nausea and vomiting can be indicative of underlying gastrointestinal issues.
Choice B is less likely as illicit drug use typically does not directly increase the risk of gastric ulcers.
Choice C is less likely as the male falling while looking for a job does not directly relate to gastric ulcer development.
Choice D is less likely as divorce and back pain are not direct risk factors for gastric ulcers.
Which of the following is not readily absorbed in the small intestine?
- A. Na+
- B. Cl-
- C. K+
- D. Mg++
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Mg++. Magnesium is not readily absorbed in the small intestine due to its reliance on active transport mechanisms and limited absorption sites. Na+, Cl-, and K+ are all readily absorbed in the small intestine through passive or active transport processes. Na+ is mainly absorbed through active transport, Cl- through passive diffusion, and K+ through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Therefore, Mg++ stands out as it requires specific carriers for absorption, making it less readily absorbed compared to the other ions.
GIT hormones with a major effect on the stomach include the following except:
- A. Gastrin
- B. Secretin
- C. GIP
- D. Neurotensin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secretin is the correct answer because it is not a hormone that directly affects the stomach. Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion, GIP enhances insulin release, and neurotensin regulates gastric motility. Secretin primarily targets the pancreas and liver, stimulating the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. This hormone does not have a direct major effect on the stomach like the other options. Therefore, Secretin is the exception among the listed GIT hormones affecting the stomach.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has been prescribed digoxin. Which statement by the patient indicates the need for further teaching about the medication?
- A. "I will report any changes in my pulse rate."
- B. "I should take my medication at the same time every day."
- C. "I can stop taking the medication if I feel dizzy."
- D. "I will monitor my weight weekly."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. This statement indicates a need for further teaching because stopping digoxin abruptly can be dangerous. Digoxin should not be discontinued without consulting a healthcare provider. A: Monitoring pulse rate is important as digoxin can affect heart rate. B: Consistency in timing helps maintain consistent drug levels. D: Monitoring weight is crucial as digoxin can cause fluid retention. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as it suggests a potentially harmful action.