Nokea
A nurse instructs a female client to use the pursed-lip method of breathing and the client asks the nurse about the purpose of this type of breathing. The nurse responds, knowing that the primary purpose of pursed-lip breathing is to:
- A. Promote oxygen intake.
- B. Strengthen the diaphragm.
- C. Strengthen the intercostal muscles.
- D. Promote carbon dioxide elimination.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Promote carbon dioxide elimination. Pursed-lip breathing is a technique used to slow down breathing and help control shortness of breath. By exhaling through pursed lips, it creates back-pressure in the airways, allowing more time for the lungs to empty and facilitating better removal of carbon dioxide. This helps improve oxygenation by optimizing the gas exchange process. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because pursed-lip breathing primarily focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, not specifically on increasing oxygen intake or strengthening specific respiratory muscles.
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Most of the Antibiotics against TB are not effective as the Tubercle bacterium has a resistive covering. One of the following drug is effectively used to control TB
- A. Ethambutol
- B. Streptomycin
- C. Rifampicin
- D. Penicillin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C: Rifampicin):
1. Rifampicin is a first-line antibiotic for TB treatment.
2. It works by inhibiting RNA synthesis in the TB bacteria.
3. TB bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to Rifampicin.
4. Its effectiveness in treating TB has been well-documented.
Summary of Why Other Choices Are Incorrect:
A: Ethambutol - Effective against TB but not the most commonly used drug like Rifampicin.
B: Streptomycin - Can be used in TB treatment but not as effective as Rifampicin.
D: Penicillin - Ineffective against TB as TB bacteria are resistant to Penicillin.
Which teaching point is most important for the client with a peritonsillar abscess?
- A. Gargle with warm salt water.
- B. Take all antibiotics as directed.
- C. Let us know if you want liquid medications.
- D. Wash hands frequently.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Take all antibiotics as directed. This is the most important teaching point for a client with a peritonsillar abscess because antibiotics are crucial in treating the infection and preventing complications. Here's the rationale:
1. Antibiotics target the bacteria causing the abscess, helping to clear the infection.
2. Incomplete antibiotic course can lead to antibiotic resistance and recurrence of infection.
3. Not following antibiotic instructions can result in treatment failure and worsening of the abscess.
4. Gargling with warm salt water (choice A) may provide temporary relief but does not address the underlying infection. Liquid medications (choice C) and handwashing (choice D) are important but not as vital as completing the antibiotic course.
When you swallow, the epiglottis covers the opening to the
- A. pharynx.
- B. esophagus.
- C. larynx.
- D. bronchus.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: larynx. When you swallow, the epiglottis covers the opening to the larynx to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway and instead directs it towards the esophagus. The epiglottis acts as a protective mechanism to ensure that food goes down the correct pathway. Choices A (pharynx), B (esophagus), and D (bronchus) are incorrect because the epiglottis does not directly cover the opening to these structures during swallowing. The epiglottis specifically functions to protect the larynx and the airway during the swallowing process.
What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in the human body?
- A. Breakdown of carbohydrates
- B. Regulation of blood sugar levels
- C. Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs
- D. Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic anhydrase helps maintain acid-base balance in the body by catalyzing the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This process is crucial in regulating pH levels in various bodily fluids.
A: Breakdown of carbohydrates - This is not the primary function of carbonic anhydrase. Carbohydrate breakdown is primarily carried out by enzymes like amylase and sucrase.
B: Regulation of blood sugar levels - Carbonic anhydrase does not play a direct role in regulating blood sugar levels, which is mainly controlled by insulin and glucagon.
C: Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs - While carbonic anhydrase indirectly affects gas exchange by regulating blood pH, its primary function is not to facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
Most oxygen in the blood is transported
- A. as gas dissolved in plasma
- B. as oxyhemoglobin
- C. as carboxyhemoglobin
- D. as bicarbonate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: as oxyhemoglobin. Oxygen is primarily carried in the blood by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. This allows for efficient transport of oxygen to tissues. Choice A is incorrect because only a small amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma. Choice C is incorrect as carboxyhemoglobin refers to carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin, not oxygen. Choice D is incorrect as the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, not oxygen.