A nurse is administering a tuberculosis skin test to a client who has AIDS. Which of the following results should the nurse anticipate when using this screening test?
- A. Decreased positive predictive value
- B. Decreased reliability
- C. Decreased sensitivity
- D. Decreased specificity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Decreased sensitivity. In clients with AIDS, the immune system is compromised, leading to a decreased ability to mount a response to antigens, such as the one in the tuberculosis skin test. This results in a higher likelihood of false-negative results, as the client may have tuberculosis but not have a strong enough immune response to produce a positive result. Therefore, the nurse should anticipate a decreased sensitivity in this population.
A: Decreased positive predictive value is not directly impacted by the client's immune status but rather by the prevalence of the disease in the population.
B: Decreased reliability is a vague term and not specific to the immune status of the client.
D: Decreased specificity is not typically affected by the client's immune status but rather by the test's ability to correctly identify those without the disease.
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The nurse often has to make resource allocation decisions. Which of the following best describes the
- A. The specific moral or ethical principle related to the situation
- B. The cheapest, most economical approach
- C. The most rational probable outcome
- D. The needs of the aggregate rather than a few individuals
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The specific moral or ethical principle related to the situation. In resource allocation decisions, nurses must consider ethical principles such as beneficence, justice, autonomy, and nonmaleficence. By applying these principles, nurses can ensure fair and ethical distribution of resources. Choice B (The cheapest, most economical approach) may not always align with ethical principles and could compromise quality of care. Choice C (The most rational probable outcome) may not necessarily consider ethical implications. Choice D (The needs of the aggregate rather than a few individuals) could lead to neglecting individual patient needs.
Which of the following statements about race is true?
- A. In the United States, children of biracial parents are usually assigned the race of the father.
- B. Ethnicity and race are synonymous terms.
- C. Individuals may be of the same race but of different cultures.
- D. No social significance is usually placed on rac
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because individuals may indeed belong to the same race but have different cultures. Race refers to physical characteristics shared by a group, while culture encompasses beliefs, customs, and behaviors. For example, two individuals can both be of Asian descent (same race) but have different cultural backgrounds such as Chinese and Japanese. This statement highlights the distinction between race and culture.
Choice A is incorrect as the assignment of race to biracial children varies. Choice B is incorrect as ethnicity and race are distinct concepts - ethnicity relates to cultural factors like nationality and language. Choice D is incorrect as race carries social implications like discrimination.
Which action is the nurse performing when they show a preference for members of their social identity group, leading to a more positive evaluation of individuals within their own group?
- A. Out-Group Homogeneity
- B. Confirmation Bias
- C. In-Group Favoritism
- D. Limited Interactions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: In-Group Favoritism. This refers to the bias where a nurse favors individuals within their own social identity group, leading to a more positive evaluation of them. This behavior stems from a sense of loyalty, similarity, and shared identity with one's own group. In-group favoritism can influence decision-making, patient care, and teamwork within healthcare settings.
A: Out-Group Homogeneity is the tendency to perceive members of the out-group as more similar to each other than they really are.
B: Confirmation Bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs.
D: Limited Interactions do not directly describe the behavior of preferring individuals within one's social identity group.
Which outcome is a potential consequence of power imbalances in nurse-client interactions?
- A. Increased client autonomy and decision making
- B. Enhanced trust and rapport between the nurse and client
- C. Unequal treatment and compromised client autonomy
- D. Improved communication and understanding between parties
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Unequal treatment and compromised client autonomy. Power imbalances in nurse-client interactions can lead to the nurse exerting control over the client, resulting in unequal treatment and compromised client autonomy. The nurse may make decisions on behalf of the client without considering their preferences or values, leading to a lack of autonomy for the client. This can result in the client feeling disempowered and not having their needs and preferences met. Increased client autonomy (choice A) and enhanced trust and rapport (choice B) are unlikely outcomes of power imbalances as they require a balanced and respectful relationship. Improved communication (choice D) may not necessarily occur if one party dominates the interaction.
A nurse is a member of an interdisciplinary committee whose goal is to develop a culturally and linguistically competent organization. Which action by the committee would help to meet this goal?
- A. Develop an organizational mission statement for cultural competence
- B. Encourage each department to develop a cultural competency plan
- C. Encourage employees to find ways to develop their cultural competence
- D. Hire individuals with the most work experience
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, developing an organizational mission statement for cultural competence. This is crucial as it sets the tone and direction for the entire organization's commitment to cultural and linguistic competence. It provides a clear framework and guiding principles for all activities and decisions related to this goal. Choices B and C are not sufficient on their own as they lack a cohesive and overarching strategy. Choice D is irrelevant to the goal of cultural competence. It is important to have a clear, shared vision through the mission statement to ensure alignment and accountability across all departments and individuals.