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A nurse is caring for a patient with a history of asthma. The nurse should educate the patient to avoid which of the following triggers?
- A. Exercise-induced asthma.
- B. Cold, dry air.
- C. Caffeine.
- D. Environmental allergens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cold, dry air. Cold, dry air is a common trigger for asthma exacerbations, as it can irritate the airways and lead to bronchoconstriction. This trigger can worsen asthma symptoms and increase the risk of an asthma attack. Educating the patient to avoid cold, dry air can help prevent asthma flare-ups.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Exercise-induced asthma is triggered by physical activity but can be managed with proper warm-up and medication. It is not typically something to avoid altogether.
C: Caffeine is a mild bronchodilator and can actually help alleviate asthma symptoms in some cases.
D: Environmental allergens can trigger asthma in some individuals, but they vary from person to person, so avoidance strategies would depend on specific allergens identified through testing.
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A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic heart failure. The nurse should monitor for which of the following signs of worsening heart failure?
- A. Fatigue and shortness of breath.
- B. Increased urine output.
- C. Decreased blood pressure.
- D. Pitting edema and weight gain.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pitting edema and weight gain. In chronic heart failure, worsening symptoms indicate fluid retention. Pitting edema in the extremities and weight gain are signs of fluid overload, indicating worsening heart failure. It is crucial for the nurse to monitor these signs to prevent exacerbation. Fatigue and shortness of breath (Choice A) are common symptoms in heart failure but not specific to worsening condition. Increased urine output (Choice B) is not typically seen in worsening heart failure as the kidneys may be compromised. Decreased blood pressure (Choice C) can occur in acute decompensation but is not a consistent sign of worsening chronic heart failure.
Expecting that all Chinese persons believe in the hot"“cold theory of health and illness is an example of:
- A. critical cultural perspective.
- B. culturalism.
- C. ethnic practice.
- D. ethnicity.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: culturalism. This is because culturalism refers to the belief that all members of a culture share the same beliefs or practices. Expecting all Chinese persons to believe in the hot-cold theory is an example of culturalism as it assumes a homogenous perspective within the Chinese culture.
A: A critical cultural perspective would involve questioning and analyzing cultural beliefs and practices rather than assuming they are universal.
C: Ethnic practice refers to specific customs or traditions within a particular ethnic group, not a general belief system like the hot-cold theory.
D: Ethnicity refers to one's cultural background or heritage, but it does not address the assumption of shared beliefs within a culture.
A 23-year-old patient is in the clinic and appears anxious. Her speech is rapid. She is fidgety and in constant motion. Which of the following questions or statements would be most appropriate for the nurse to use in this situation to assess attention span?
- A. How do you usually feel? Is this normal behaviour for you?
- B. I am going to say four words. In a few minutes, I will ask you to recall them.
- C. Please describe the meaning of the phrase, "looking through rose-coloured glasses.'
- D. Please pick up the pencil in your left hand, move it to your right hand, and place it on the table.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it involves a specific and observable task that assesses attention span. By asking the patient to perform a physical action that requires focus and coordination, the nurse can directly evaluate the patient's ability to follow instructions and maintain attention. This task also helps to assess motor skills and coordination, which can be affected in certain conditions associated with anxiety and restlessness.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not directly assess attention span. Choice A focuses on emotions and behavior rather than attention. Choice B assesses memory recall rather than attention span. Choice C tests comprehension and interpretation skills related to a phrase, but it does not evaluate attention span directly.
A 65-year-old man with emphysema and bronchitis has come to the clinic for a follow-up appointment. On assessment of his skin, the nurse would expect to find which of the following?
- A. Anasarca.
- B. Scleroderma.
- C. Pedal erythema.
- D. Clubbing of the nails.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Clubbing of the nails. Clubbing is a physical finding associated with chronic respiratory conditions like emphysema and bronchitis. It is characterized by the softening of the nail bed and the loss of the normal angle between the nail and the nail bed. This occurs due to chronic hypoxia and can be a sign of advanced lung disease. Anasarca (choice A) is generalized edema, not specific to respiratory conditions. Scleroderma (choice B) is a connective tissue disorder affecting the skin and other organs, not directly related to respiratory conditions. Pedal erythema (choice C) refers to redness of the feet and is not a typical finding in emphysema or bronchitis.
A nurse is teaching a patient with diabetes about managing foot care. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates proper understanding?
- A. I will inspect my feet daily for cuts or blisters.
- B. I will avoid trimming my toenails to prevent injury.
- C. I will wear tight shoes to avoid blisters.
- D. I will ignore any small wounds on my feet.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "I will inspect my feet daily for cuts or blisters." This statement indicates proper understanding because daily foot inspection is crucial for early detection of any wounds, which can prevent complications in diabetic patients.
Incorrect choices:
B: Avoiding trimming toenails can lead to ingrown nails and potential injury.
C: Wearing tight shoes can increase the risk of blisters and discomfort.
D: Ignoring small wounds can lead to infections and more serious foot issues.
In summary, choice A is correct as it promotes proactive foot care, while the other choices can potentially harm the patient's foot health.