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A nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. The nurse integrates knowledge of this disorder, identifying which neurotransmitter as being primarily involved?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Dopamine
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Serotonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Schizophrenia is primarily associated with dopamine dysregulation, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway, contributing to symptoms like hallucinations. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin play roles in other disorders but are not primary in schizophrenia.
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A nursing instructor asks a student to explain the influence of chronobiology on depression. Which of the following would the student include when responding?
- A. The exact location of genes leads to identifying the gene responsible for causing depression.
- B. A break in the corpus callosum blocks information exchange between the right and left hemispheres.
- C. Damage to the posterior areas of the parietal lobe leads to altered discriminative sensory function.
- D. Internal and external triggers can elicit biologic rhythm changes indicative of clinical depression.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chronobiology studies biological rhythms, such as circadian rhythms, which influence mood disorders like depression. Internal (e.g., hormonal changes) and external (e.g., light exposure) triggers can disrupt these rhythms, contributing to depressive symptoms. The other options relate to genetics, brain connectivity, or sensory function, not chronobiology.
When describing neuronal transmission, an instructor describes the area where the electrical intracellular signal becomes a chemical one. The instructor is describing which of the following?
- A. Soma
- B. Synaptic cleft
- C. Terminal
- D. Receptor site
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The synaptic cleft is where the electrical signal (action potential) triggers the release of neurotransmitters, converting the signal to a chemical one. The soma is the cell body, the terminal releases neurotransmitters, and the receptor site binds them.
A patient who is scheduled to undergo a sleep deprivation electroencephalogram (EEG) in the morning is experiencing moderate anxiety about the procedure. Based on an understanding of this test, which of the following would the nurse avoid?
- A. Explaining in depth what to expect during the upcoming procedure
- B. Administering a benzodiazepine medication prescribed for anxiety
- C. Taking a thorough history of her use of prescribed and illicit drugs
- D. Giving her a noncaffeinated beverage of her choice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A sleep deprivation EEG requires the patient to stay awake to provoke brain activity for diagnosis. Administering a benzodiazepine, which promotes sedation, would counteract this purpose. Explaining the procedure, taking a history, and offering a noncaffeinated beverage are appropriate and support the test?s goals.
The nurse is assessing a patient experiencing anxiety and observes increased sweating and gooseflesh. The nurse understands that these are the result of which substance?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Norepinephrine
- C. Serotonin
- D. Histamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Norepinephrine, part of the sympathetic nervous system, triggers physiological responses like sweating and gooseflesh during anxiety (fight-or-flight response). Acetylcholine is parasympathetic, serotonin regulates mood, and histamine is involved in allergic responses.
The nurse is caring for an older adult who has experienced damage to the frontal lobe after an automobile accident. The nurse anticipates that the patient will have difficulty with which of the following?
- A. Smell
- B. Concept formation
- C. Receptive speech
- D. Hearing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, including concept formation, planning, and decision-making. Damage may impair these abilities. Smell is associated with the olfactory bulb, receptive speech with Wernicke?s area (temporal lobe), and hearing with the auditory cortex (temporal lobe).