Nokea
A group of students are reviewing information about neurotransmitter subtypes. The group demonstrates understanding of the information when they identify which neurotransmitter as having muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
- A. Serotonin
- B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- C. Dopamine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which mediate its effects in the nervous system. Serotonin, GABA, and dopamine have different receptor subtypes (e.g., 5-HT, GABA-A, D1/D2), not muscarinic or nicotinic.
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The nurse is caring for a hospitalized patient who has a disorder of the hypothalamus. When developing the patient?s plan of care, in which of the following areas would the nurse anticipate a problem?
- A. Sleep
- B. Constipation
- C. Speech
- D. Motor activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus regulates functions like sleep, hunger, and body temperature. A disorder may disrupt sleep patterns. Constipation is less directly related, speech involves cortical areas like Broca?s, and motor activity is primarily controlled by the basal ganglia and motor cortex.
A nurse is reading a journal article about psychoneuroimmunology. Which information would the nurse most likely find? Select all that apply.
- A. Neurotoxin?s role in receptor site damage
- B. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption
- C. Static activity of natural killer cells in response to stress
- D. Hypothalamic damage leading to immune dysfunction
- E. Interruption in the typical circadian rhythm cycle
Correct Answer: B,D,E
Rationale: Psychoneuroimmunology studies interactions between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption (B), hypothalamic damage leading to immune dysfunction (D), and circadian rhythm interruptions (E) are relevant, as they link stress and brain function to immune responses. Neurotoxins (A) are less central, and natural killer cells are not static (C) but increase with stress.
A patient who is scheduled to undergo a sleep deprivation electroencephalogram (EEG) in the morning is experiencing moderate anxiety about the procedure. Based on an understanding of this test, which of the following would the nurse avoid?
- A. Explaining in depth what to expect during the upcoming procedure
- B. Administering a benzodiazepine medication prescribed for anxiety
- C. Taking a thorough history of her use of prescribed and illicit drugs
- D. Giving her a noncaffeinated beverage of her choice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A sleep deprivation EEG requires the patient to stay awake to provoke brain activity for diagnosis. Administering a benzodiazepine, which promotes sedation, would counteract this purpose. Explaining the procedure, taking a history, and offering a noncaffeinated beverage are appropriate and support the test?s goals.
A patient has been diagnosed with memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer?s disease. The nurse determines that damage to the patient?s brain includes deterioration of temporal lobe structures and the nerves of which of the following?
- A. Basal ganglia
- B. Limbic system
- C. Frontal lobe
- D. Hippocampus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alzheimer?s disease involves memory dysfunction due to deterioration of the hippocampus (part of the limbic system in the temporal lobe) and other temporal lobe structures. The basal ganglia regulate movement, the limbic system broadly affects emotions, and the frontal lobe handles executive functions.
Which of the following would a nursing instructor identify when describing the area of the brain involved with verbal language function, including areas for both receptive and expressive speech?
- A. Right hemisphere
- B. Parietal lobe
- C. Occipital lobe
- D. Left hemisphere
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for verbal language functions, including Broca?s area (expressive speech) and Wernicke?s area (receptive speech). The right hemisphere handles nonverbal functions, the parietal lobe processes sensory information, and the occipital lobe is involved in vision.