Nokea
The nurse is caring for an older adult who has experienced damage to the frontal lobe after an automobile accident. The nurse anticipates that the patient will have difficulty with which of the following?
- A. Smell
- B. Concept formation
- C. Receptive speech
- D. Hearing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, including concept formation, planning, and decision-making. Damage may impair these abilities. Smell is associated with the olfactory bulb, receptive speech with Wernicke?s area (temporal lobe), and hearing with the auditory cortex (temporal lobe).
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A group of students are reviewing information about neurotransmitter subtypes. The group demonstrates understanding of the information when they identify which neurotransmitter as having muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
- A. Serotonin
- B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- C. Dopamine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which mediate its effects in the nervous system. Serotonin, GABA, and dopamine have different receptor subtypes (e.g., 5-HT, GABA-A, D1/D2), not muscarinic or nicotinic.
When describing neuronal transmission, an instructor describes the area where the electrical intracellular signal becomes a chemical one. The instructor is describing which of the following?
- A. Soma
- B. Synaptic cleft
- C. Terminal
- D. Receptor site
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The synaptic cleft is where the electrical signal (action potential) triggers the release of neurotransmitters, converting the signal to a chemical one. The soma is the cell body, the terminal releases neurotransmitters, and the receptor site binds them.
A patient is scheduled for a challenge test. Which of the following would the nurse include when explaining this test to the patient?
- A. Intravenous administration of a substance to induce symptoms
- B. Application of electrodes to the scalp for monitoring
- C. Evaluation electrical impulses recorded on graph paper
- D. Exposure to a flashing strobe light to elicit abnormal activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A challenge test involves administering a substance (e.g., a drug) to provoke symptoms for diagnostic purposes. Electrodes and electrical impulses relate to EEGs, and strobe lights are used in evoked potential tests, not challenge tests.
Which of the following would a nursing instructor identify when describing the area of the brain involved with verbal language function, including areas for both receptive and expressive speech?
- A. Right hemisphere
- B. Parietal lobe
- C. Occipital lobe
- D. Left hemisphere
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for verbal language functions, including Broca?s area (expressive speech) and Wernicke?s area (receptive speech). The right hemisphere handles nonverbal functions, the parietal lobe processes sensory information, and the occipital lobe is involved in vision.
A group of nursing students are reviewing the various neurotransmitters. The students demonstrate understanding when they identify which of the following as a neuropeptide?
- A. Melatonin
- B. Serotonin
- C. Glutamate
- D. Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules, such as endorphins or substance P. None of the options?melatonin (a hormone), serotonin (a monoamine), glutamate (an amino acid), or GABA (an amino acid)?are neuropeptides. The question assumes a correct answer, but none fit; I?ll assume a hypothetical neuropeptide was intended, but no correct answer applies here.