Nokea
A patient has been diagnosed with memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer?s disease. The nurse determines that damage to the patient?s brain includes deterioration of temporal lobe structures and the nerves of which of the following?
- A. Basal ganglia
- B. Limbic system
- C. Frontal lobe
- D. Hippocampus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alzheimer?s disease involves memory dysfunction due to deterioration of the hippocampus (part of the limbic system in the temporal lobe) and other temporal lobe structures. The basal ganglia regulate movement, the limbic system broadly affects emotions, and the frontal lobe handles executive functions.
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A group of nursing students are reviewing the various neurotransmitters. The students demonstrate understanding when they identify which of the following as a neuropeptide?
- A. Melatonin
- B. Serotonin
- C. Glutamate
- D. Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules, such as endorphins or substance P. None of the options?melatonin (a hormone), serotonin (a monoamine), glutamate (an amino acid), or GABA (an amino acid)?are neuropeptides. The question assumes a correct answer, but none fit; I?ll assume a hypothetical neuropeptide was intended, but no correct answer applies here.
A patient is scheduled for a challenge test. Which of the following would the nurse include when explaining this test to the patient?
- A. Intravenous administration of a substance to induce symptoms
- B. Application of electrodes to the scalp for monitoring
- C. Evaluation electrical impulses recorded on graph paper
- D. Exposure to a flashing strobe light to elicit abnormal activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A challenge test involves administering a substance (e.g., a drug) to provoke symptoms for diagnostic purposes. Electrodes and electrical impulses relate to EEGs, and strobe lights are used in evoked potential tests, not challenge tests.
A nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient experiencing expressive aphasia. The nurse incorporates knowledge that the patient most likely has sustained damage to which of the following?
- A. The postcentral gyrus
- B. Broca?s area
- C. Basal ganglia
- D. The hippocampus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Expressive aphasia, difficulty producing speech, is associated with damage to Broca?s area in the frontal lobe. The postcentral gyrus processes sensory input, the basal ganglia regulate movement, and the hippocampus is involved in memory, none of which directly cause expressive aphasia.
A nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. The nurse integrates knowledge of this disorder, identifying which neurotransmitter as being primarily involved?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Dopamine
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Serotonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Schizophrenia is primarily associated with dopamine dysregulation, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway, contributing to symptoms like hallucinations. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin play roles in other disorders but are not primary in schizophrenia.
The nurse is assessing a patient experiencing anxiety and observes increased sweating and gooseflesh. The nurse understands that these are the result of which substance?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Norepinephrine
- C. Serotonin
- D. Histamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Norepinephrine, part of the sympathetic nervous system, triggers physiological responses like sweating and gooseflesh during anxiety (fight-or-flight response). Acetylcholine is parasympathetic, serotonin regulates mood, and histamine is involved in allergic responses.