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A nurse is instructing a pregnant patient concerning the potential risk to her fetus from a pregnancy category B drug. What would the nurse inform the patient?
- A. There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug may be acceptable despite potential risks.
- B. Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
- C. Adequate studies in pregnant women have demonstrated that there is no risk to the fetus.
- D. Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The nurse would inform the patient that animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women. This is because Pregnancy Category B drugs have shown no adverse effects in animal studies, but there is a lack of human data. Choice A is incorrect as it implies evidence of fetal risk in humans. Choice B is incorrect because it states adverse effects in animal studies without human data. Choice C is incorrect as it claims no risk based on limited studies. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately reflects the classification of Pregnancy Category B drugs.
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A nursing student asks the nurse to differentiate the pathology of Alzheimer's disease from that of Parkinson's disease. Which description is correct?
- A. Parkinson's disease is characterized by an imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine.
- B. Parkinson disease involves increased dopamine production and decreased acetylcholine.
- C. Alzheimer's disease is caused by decreased amount of dopamine and degeneration of cholinergic neurons.
- D. Alzheimer's disease involves a possible excess of acetylcholine and neuritic plaques.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. In Parkinson's disease, there is a reduction in dopamine levels due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. This imbalance leads to motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity. In contrast, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuronal cell death and cognitive decline. The incorrect choices can be eliminated as follows: B is incorrect because Parkinson's disease is associated with a decrease, not an increase, in dopamine levels. C is incorrect as Alzheimer's disease is not primarily characterized by decreased dopamine levels but rather by the accumulation of plaques and tangles. D is incorrect as Alzheimer's disease is not associated with an excess of acetylcholine but rather a decrease in its levels. Therefore, option A is the correct choice as it accurately describes the pathology of Parkinson's disease.
The nurse discovers a patient receiving warfarin is bleeding. What drug would the nurse prepare to counteract this drug?
- A. Vitamin E.
- B. Protamine Sulfate.
- C. Calcium Gluconate.
- D. Vitamin K.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vitamin K. Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin, an anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Administering Vitamin K helps replenish the depleted clotting factors, stopping the bleeding. Other choices are incorrect because: A (Vitamin E) does not directly counteract warfarin's mechanism of action, B (Protamine Sulfate) is used to reverse heparin's effects, not warfarin, and C (Calcium Gluconate) is used for calcium channel blocker toxicity, not warfarin-induced bleeding.
A patient is admitted to the emergency department with severe recurrent convulsive seizures. Would the nurse expect to order for the use in emergency control of status epileptic?
- A. Ethosuximide (Zarontin).
- B. Diazepam (Valium).
- C. Phenobarbital (Luminal).
- D. Phenytoin (Dilantin).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Diazepam (Valium). In emergency situations of status epilepticus, diazepam is the preferred medication for immediate control of seizures due to its fast onset of action and efficacy in stopping prolonged seizures. Diazepam acts by enhancing the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which inhibits excessive neuronal activity. Ethosuximide (A) is used for absence seizures, not convulsive seizures. Phenobarbital (C) and phenytoin (D) have slower onset of action and are not ideal for immediate control of seizures.
The nurse is caring for an 80-year-old patient who has just begun taking a Thiazide diuretic to treat hypertension. What is an important aspect of care for this patient?
- A. Providing a low potassium diet.
- B. Encouraging increased fluid intake.
- C. Initiating a fall risk protocol.
- D. Increasing exercise and activity.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Initiating a fall risk protocol. This is important because Thiazide diuretics can lead to electrolyte imbalances, particularly low sodium and potassium levels, which can increase the risk of falls in elderly patients. Initiating a fall risk protocol involves assessing the patient's risk factors for falls, implementing appropriate safety measures, and monitoring the patient closely to prevent falls. Providing a low potassium diet (choice A) is not necessary as Thiazide diuretics can actually lead to low potassium levels. Encouraging increased fluid intake (choice B) is important but not specific to the potential side effects of Thiazide diuretics. Increasing exercise and activity (choice D) is beneficial for overall health but not directly related to the side effects of Thiazide diuretics in this scenario.
Identify a reason a narcotic agent may be prescribed.
- A. Relief of moderate acute pain.
- B. Relief of minor pain.
- C. Analgesia during sleep.
- D. Analgesia during anesthesia.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Relief of moderate acute pain. Narcotic agents are potent pain relievers typically prescribed for moderate to severe acute pain due to their strong analgesic properties. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking pain signals. Choice B is incorrect as narcotics are usually reserved for more intense pain. Choices C and D are incorrect because narcotics are not typically used for analgesia during sleep or anesthesia, as they can cause respiratory depression and other complications.