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A nurse is reviewing medication for a patient with a recent myocardial infarction. The physician has prescribed aspirin. What is the primary purpose of this medication in this context?
- A. To alleviate headache
- B. To reduce fever
- C. To act as an antiviral
- D. To prevent further clot formation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary purpose of prescribing aspirin for a patient with a recent myocardial infarction is to prevent further clot formation. Aspirin is a common antiplatelet medication that inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of blood clot formation in the arteries. This is crucial in preventing complications such as further heart attacks or strokes. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because aspirin is not primarily used for alleviating headaches, reducing fever, or acting as an antiviral. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly addresses the therapeutic goal of preventing clotting in cardiovascular patients.
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A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who is to receive the first dose of a cephalosporin antibiotic via intermittent IV bolus. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a contraindication for the client to receive a cephalosporin and report to the provider?
- A. A recent history of diarrhea for 3 days
- B. Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL
- C. A history of phlebitis following an IV infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride with 10 mEq of potassium chloride
- D. A severe allergy to penicillins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: A severe allergy to penicillins. Cephalosporins have a similar chemical structure to penicillins, so individuals with a severe penicillin allergy are at an increased risk of cross-reactivity and allergic reactions to cephalosporins. This can lead to serious adverse effects such as anaphylaxis. Options A, B, and C are not contraindications for receiving cephalosporins. Option A, recent history of diarrhea, is not a contraindication for a cephalosporin; option B, serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL, is within the normal range and does not contraindicate the use of cephalosporins; and option C, a history of phlebitis following an IV infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride with 10 mEq of potassium chloride, is not directly related to contraindications for cephalosporins
A nurse understands that an anticholinergic drug will produce which of the following effects?
- A. Dry mouth
- B. Constricted bronchioles
- C. Increased heart rate
- D. Dilated pupils
Correct Answer: A,D
Rationale: The correct answer is A and D. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, leading to decreased secretions, hence causing dry mouth (choice A). They also cause dilation of the pupils (choice D) by inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system. Choices B, C, and other options are incorrect as anticholinergic drugs do not constrict bronchioles (B), increase heart rate (C), or have other effects listed in the choices.
A nurse is administering codeine cough syrup to a patient for a dry cough. This medication is a Schedule V medication. Which of the following measures should the nurse take?
- A. Monitor the patient for addiction
- B. Advise the patient that the medication helps to thin out their secretions
- C. Advise the patient to minimize intake of beets
- D. Advise the patient that constipation is an adverse effect of the medication
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D - Advise the patient that constipation is an adverse effect of the medication.
Rationale: Codeine, a Schedule V medication, is known to cause constipation as a common adverse effect due to its action on opioid receptors in the gut, leading to decreased bowel motility. By advising the patient about this potential side effect, the nurse can help the patient be aware and take preventive measures, such as increasing fiber intake or using stool softeners, to manage constipation.
Incorrect Choices:
A: Monitoring for addiction is not necessary for Schedule V medications like codeine, as they have a lower potential for abuse compared to higher scheduled medications.
B: Codeine does not help to thin out secretions; it is primarily used as a cough suppressant.
C: There is no known interaction between codeine and beets that would require the patient to minimize their intake.
E, F, G: Not applicable as the correct answer has been identified.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who has asthma and new prescriptions for Albuterol and Atrovent, both by nebulizer. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. If my breathing begins to feel tight, I will use the cromolyn immediately.'
- B. I will be sure to take the albuterol before taking the Atrovent.'
- C. I will administer the medications 10 minutes apart.'
- D. I will use both medications immediately after exercising.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: "I will be sure to take the albuterol before taking the Atrovent." This is the correct statement as albuterol is a short-acting bronchodilator that opens the airways quickly, and it should be taken first to help improve breathing. Atrovent is a long-acting bronchodilator that works over a longer period. Taking albuterol first allows for immediate relief, followed by sustained bronchodilation from Atrovent. Option A is incorrect as cromolyn is not mentioned in the scenario. Option C is incorrect as the medications should be taken as prescribed, not 10 minutes apart. Option D is incorrect as medications should be taken based on their specific instructions, not immediately after exercising.
Which organ is primarily responsible for excretion of a medication?
- A. Kidneys
- B. Pancreas
- C. Gallbladder
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kidneys. The kidneys are primarily responsible for excreting medications from the body through urine. They filter the blood, removing waste products and excess substances, including medications. The pancreas (choice B) is responsible for producing digestive enzymes, not excreting medications. The gallbladder (choice C) stores bile produced by the liver to aid in digestion, not excretion. The liver (choice D) metabolizes medications but does not directly excrete them.