Nokea
A nurse is taking care of a client with cancer and is teaching about the types of drugs that promote the natural production of blood cells in people whose own hematopoietic functions have become compromised. What class of drugs are these?
- A. Tumor necrosis factors
- B. Colony-stimulating factors
- C. Interferons
- D. Interleukins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production of blood cells which is crucial for clients with compromised hematopoietic function such as those undergoing chemotherapy.
You may also like to solve these questions
Developing T cells in the thymus can express
- A. Both CD4 and CD8
- B. Only CD4
- C. Only CD8
- D. Neither CD4 or CD8
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because developing T cells initially express both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors in the thymus. This stage is crucial for T cell maturation and selection. Eventually, T cells undergo positive and negative selection processes to become either CD4+ helper T cells or CD8+ cytotoxic T cells based on their specificity and function. Choices B and C are incorrect because T cells initially express both CD4 and CD8. Choice D is also incorrect as T cells do express either CD4 or CD8 during their development in the thymus.
Which of the following statements about the functions of Ig is NOT correct
- A. IgM are the best at activating complement
- B. IgM bound to antigens are also the best at facilitating phagocytosis through the Fc receptor
- C. Antibodies can neutralize bacterial toxins
- D. Antibodies can inhibit binding of toxins to their receptors on host cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because IgG, not IgM, is the best at facilitating phagocytosis through the Fc receptor. IgM is the best at activating complement (A), antibodies can neutralize bacterial toxins (C), and antibodies can inhibit binding of toxins to their receptors on host cells (D). IgM primarily activates complement, while IgG is more efficient at facilitating phagocytosis through the Fc receptor. This distinction is crucial in understanding the functions of different immunoglobulins.
What type of antibodies predominate in the secondary immune response?
- A. IgM
- B. IgE
- C. IgG
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgG. In the secondary immune response, IgG antibodies predominate due to memory B cells rapidly producing them upon re-exposure to the same antigen. IgG provides long-lasting immunity and is more efficient in neutralizing pathogens. IgM (A) is the primary antibody in the initial immune response. IgE (B) is involved in allergic reactions. IgD (D) functions as a receptor on B cells.
Which of the following best illustrates selective genetic pressure in immune adaptation?
- A. Rroma populations and their genetic response to Yersinia pestis
- B. Mutation rates in viruses like the flu
- C. Increased pathogen diversity in unvaccinated populations
- D. Non-specific activation of innate immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Selective genetic pressure refers to the process where specific genetic traits are favored due to environmental factors.
Step 2: Rroma populations and their genetic response to Yersinia pestis demonstrate selective genetic pressure as they have developed genetic adaptations to resist the plague bacterium.
Step 3: This adaptation is a result of prolonged exposure to the pathogen, leading to the survival and reproduction of individuals with genetic variations that confer resistance.
Step 4: Other choices are incorrect because mutation rates in viruses like the flu (B) do not necessarily involve genetic pressure, increased pathogen diversity in unvaccinated populations (C) is a consequence of lack of immunity, and non-specific activation of innate immunity (D) is not a selective process based on genetic traits.
An essential cofactor for restriction endonuclease enzyme activity is
- A. Zn2+
- B. Mg2+
- C. Co2+
- D. Ca2+
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mg2+. Mg2+ is an essential cofactor for restriction endonuclease enzymes because it stabilizes the enzyme-substrate complex, promotes proper binding of the enzyme to DNA, and facilitates the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Mg2+ ions help in the coordination of the active site residues and the phosphate backbone of DNA, which is crucial for the cleavage of DNA strands. Zn2+, Co2+, and Ca2+ do not provide the necessary coordination and stabilization required for restriction endonuclease enzyme activity, making them incorrect choices.