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A nurse performs an admission assessment on a client with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. The nurse reviews the results of which diagnostic test that will confirm this diagnosis?
- A. Bronchoscopy.
- B. Sputum culture.
- C. Chest x-ray.
- D. Tuberculin skin test.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sputum culture. This test confirms the diagnosis of tuberculosis by identifying the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum sample. It is the gold standard for diagnosing active tuberculosis. Bronchoscopy (A) is invasive and used to visualize the airways, not for confirming TB diagnosis. Chest x-ray (C) may show characteristic findings of TB, but it does not confirm the diagnosis. Tuberculin skin test (D) only indicates exposure to TB bacteria, not active infection.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who has a pleural effusion and who underwent a thoracoscopic procedure earlier in the morning. The nurse should prioritize assessment for which of the following?
- A. Sputum production
- B. Shortness of breath
- C. Throat discomfort
- D. Epistaxis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Shortness of breath. Following a thoracoscopic procedure for a pleural effusion, shortness of breath is a priority assessment as it could indicate complications such as pneumothorax or respiratory distress. Sputum production (A) may be important but is secondary to respiratory distress. Throat discomfort (C) and epistaxis (D) are not directly related to the procedure or potential complications and would not be the priority assessment in this scenario.
A client is in the family practice clinic reporting a severe cold that started 4 days ago. On examination the nurse notes that the client also has a severe headache and muscle aches. What action by the nurse is best?
- A. Educate the client on oseltamivir.
- B. Facilitate admission to the hospital.
- C. Instruct the client to have a flu vaccine.
- D. Teach the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Teach the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve. This action is best because the client is showing symptoms of a cold, which is typically caused by a virus spread through respiratory droplets. Instructing the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve can help prevent the spread of the virus to others. Choice A is incorrect because oseltamivir is used to treat influenza, not the common cold. Choice B is unnecessary as hospital admission is not typically warranted for a cold. Choice C is also incorrect as the client is already sick and a flu vaccine would not be effective at this point in time.
What type of muscle wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can change the diameter of the airway?
- A. skeletal muscle
- B. smooth muscle
- C. cardiac muscle
- D. voluntary muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is the type of muscle that wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can contract or relax to change the diameter of the airway. This allows for regulation of airflow in the respiratory system. Skeletal muscle (choice A) is attached to bones and is under voluntary control, not found in the bronchioles. Cardiac muscle (choice C) is specific to the heart and does not control airway diameter. Voluntary muscle (choice D) refers to skeletal muscle, which is not present in the bronchioles and does not regulate airway diameter involuntarily.
Partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired and expired air is respectively
- A. 158 and 116 mm Hg
- B. 158 and 40 mm Hg
- C. 100 and 95 mm Hg
- D. 40 and 95 mm hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (158 and 116 mm Hg) because in inspired air, the partial pressure of oxygen is around 158 mm Hg, which corresponds to the atmospheric oxygen level. During expiration, some oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in oxygen partial pressure to around 116 mm Hg.
Choice B is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in expired air is not as high as 40 mm Hg, which is too low for the oxygen content in the air we breathe.
Choice C is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is not exactly 100 mm Hg, and the partial pressure in expired air is not as close to 95 mm Hg.
Choice D is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is not as low as 40 mm Hg, and the partial pressure in expired air is not as high as 95 mm Hg.
What is the main goal of treatment in heart failure?
- A. To increase blood pressure
- B. To cure the underlying cause
- C. To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
- D. To induce weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. The main goal of treatment in heart failure is to manage symptoms, improve heart function, and enhance quality of life. This involves optimizing medications, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes devices or surgeries. Increasing blood pressure (A) is not the goal as high blood pressure can worsen heart failure. Curing the underlying cause (B) may not always be possible, so the focus is on managing symptoms. Inducing weight loss (D) may be necessary in some cases, but it is not the primary goal of treatment for heart failure.