Nokea
A nursing student is teaching a patient and family about epilepsy prior to the patient's discharge. For which statement should you intervene?
- A. You should avoid consumption of all forms of alcohol.
- B. Wear your medical alert bracelet at all times.
- C. Protect your loved one's airway during a seizure.
- D. It's OK to take over-the-counter medications.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Over-the-counter medications can interact with antiepileptic drugs, so this advice is incorrect and requires intervention.
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Nerve impulses are carried to another part of the body by a neuron's (nerve cell):
- A. dendrites
- B. axon
- C. neuron cell body
- D. synapse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The axon is the part of a neuron responsible for carrying nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. It is a long, slender projection that conducts electrical signals, known as action potentials, to the axon terminals. At the terminals, the signal triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, facilitating communication with the next neuron or target cell. The axon is essential for transmitting information across the nervous system.
What is the most important method of diagnosing functional headaches?
- A. CT scan
- B. Electromyography (EMG)
- C. Cerebral blood flow studies
- D. Thorough history of the headache
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A thorough history is critical for diagnosing functional headaches
In Drosophila, the neuroectoderm is located ventrally during gastrulation, while in mice or frogs, the neuroectoderm is located dorsally. Which statement best describes how the two systems are similar or different?
- A. There are no similarities between flies and vertebrates in development of the nervous system.
- B. Although gastrulation is completely different in invertebrates and vertebrates, the formation of a neural tube is identical in the two types of animals.
- C. There is little similarity, since the neuroectoderm of invertebrates forms their nervous system with no further morphological changes, while in vertebrates, the neural tube forms a bundle of neurons running along the antero-posterior axis called the spinal cord.
- D. Although the invertebrate nervous system is a ventrally located nerve cord, and the vertebrate spinal cord is located dorsally, homologous genes play a role, and neurons are ultimately specified through a process of lateral inhibition in both cases.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Despite differences in the location of the neuroectoderm (ventral in Drosophila, dorsal in vertebrates), both systems share similarities in the genetic mechanisms underlying neural development. Homologous genes, such as those involved in lateral inhibition, play crucial roles in specifying neurons in both invertebrates and vertebrates. This highlights the evolutionary conservation of developmental processes despite morphological differences.
What is a consequence related to rigidity?
- A. Shuffling gait
- B. Impaired handwriting
- C. Lack of postural stability
- D. Muscle soreness and pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rigidity contributes to a shuffling gait in Parkinson's disease
The release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles:
- A. takes place by exocytosis
- B. is controlled by neuronal calcium influx
- C. is quantal
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurotransmitter release occurs via exocytosis, is triggered by calcium influx, and is quantal (released in discrete packets). These mechanisms ensure precise synaptic transmission.