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A patient asks about the effects of smoking on male fertility. What should the nurse include in the response?
- A. Smoking increases testosterone levels, improving fertility.
- B. Smoking affects sperm count, motility, and morphology.
- C. Smoking has no significant impact on male reproductive health.
- D. Smoking only affects fertility when combined with alcohol use.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because smoking has been proven to negatively impact male fertility by reducing sperm count, motility, and morphology. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in cigarettes can damage sperm DNA and affect reproductive health. Choice A is incorrect as smoking actually decreases testosterone levels. Choice C is incorrect as smoking does have a significant impact on male reproductive health. Choice D is incorrect because smoking alone can still affect male fertility without the need for alcohol use.
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During fertility counseling, a patient asks about the impact of age on female fertility. What should the nurse explain?
- A. Female fertility remains constant until menopause.
- B. Fertility begins to decline significantly after age 35.
- C. Age only affects fertility if other health issues are present.
- D. Fertility is unaffected by age until the age of 50.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because fertility significantly declines after age 35 due to a decrease in the quantity and quality of eggs. As women age, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in eggs increases, impacting fertility. Other choices are incorrect because fertility does not remain constant until menopause (A), age affects fertility regardless of other health issues (C), and fertility starts declining well before the age of 50 (D).
What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the menstrual cycle?
- A. To maintain the uterine lining after ovulation.
- B. To stimulate the release of an egg from the ovary.
- C. To regulate progesterone production during pregnancy.
- D. To inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To stimulate the release of an egg from the ovary. LH surge triggers ovulation, releasing the mature egg from the follicle. This is crucial for fertility. A is incorrect because progesterone maintains the uterine lining, not LH. C is incorrect as LH doesn't regulate progesterone during pregnancy, but plays a role in ovulation. D is incorrect as LH and FSH work together to regulate the menstrual cycle, not inhibit each other.
A patient asks about the effects of environmental toxins on fertility. What should the nurse explain?
- A. Environmental toxins have no impact on fertility outcomes.
- B. Exposure to toxins can harm egg and sperm quality, reducing fertility.
- C. Toxins only affect fertility in individuals over 40.
- D. Avoiding toxins guarantees immediate conception.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because exposure to environmental toxins can indeed harm egg and sperm quality, leading to reduced fertility. Toxins can disrupt hormone balance, affect reproductive organs, and damage genetic material in eggs and sperm. This can result in difficulty conceiving or increased risk of miscarriage. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. A is inaccurate as environmental toxins can impact fertility outcomes. C is incorrect as toxins can affect fertility at any age. D is misleading as avoiding toxins does not guarantee immediate conception, as fertility is influenced by various factors.
A 10-week gravid states that her sister's son has been diagnosed with an X-linked recessive disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. She questions the nurse about the disease. Which of the following responses is appropriate for the nurse to make?
- A. Because Duchenne muscular dystrophy is inherited through the woman
- B. it is advisable for you to see a genetic counselor.
- C. Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually occurs as a spontaneous mutation. It is very unlikely that your fetus is affected.
- D. Your child could acquire Duchenne muscular dystrophy only if both you and your husband carried the gene. You need to check your husband's family history.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is X-linked recessive, meaning the mother must be a carrier for the child to be affected.
A patient undergoing IUI asks how the procedure increases the chances of conception. What should the nurse explain?
- A. IUI bypasses the cervix, placing sperm directly in the uterus.
- B. IUI enhances egg quality before fertilization.
- C. IUI eliminates the need for ovulation tracking.
- D. IUI combines egg and sperm outside the body before transfer.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because IUI (Intrauterine Insemination) bypasses the cervix and places sperm directly in the uterus, increasing the chances of sperm reaching the fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg. This method improves the sperm's proximity to the egg, optimizing the chances of conception. The other choices are incorrect because B (enhancing egg quality) is not achieved through IUI, C (eliminating ovulation tracking) is not true as tracking is still necessary for timing the procedure, and D (combining egg and sperm outside the body) describes in vitro fertilization (IVF), not IUI.