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A patient calls the clinic to report a new onset of severe diarrheWhat should the nurse anticipate that the patient will need to do?
- A. Collect a stool specimen.
- B. Prepare for colonoscopy.
- C. Schedule a barium enema.
- D. Have blood cultures drawn.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. Stool specimen collection helps identify the cause of diarrhea (e.g., infection).
2. It assists in determining appropriate treatment.
3. It helps rule out serious conditions.
4. Colonoscopy (B) and barium enema (C) are invasive procedures not typically indicated for acute diarrhea.
5. Blood cultures (D) are not the first-line investigation for diarrhea without systemic signs of infection.
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A male patient who has undergone an anterior-posterior repair is worried about his sexuality. What is an appropriate nursing intervention for this patient?
- A. Have the patient's sexual partner reassure the patient that he is still desirable.
- B. Reassure the patient that sexual function will return when healing is complete.
- C. Remind the patient that affection can be expressed in ways other than through sexual intercourse.
- D. Explain that physical and emotional factors can affect sexual function but not necessarily the patient's sexuality.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Choice C is correct because it acknowledges the patient's concerns about sexuality post-surgery.
2. Reminding the patient that affection can be expressed in non-sexual ways validates his feelings.
3. It promotes open communication and offers alternative ways to maintain intimacy during the healing process.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Involving the sexual partner may add pressure and may not address the patient's personal insecurities.
B. Promising a return to normal sexual function may create false expectations and overlook emotional aspects.
D. Focusing on physical and emotional factors may downplay the patient's specific concerns about his sexuality.
What occurs during swallowing?
- A. All the processes of Deglutition are under voluntary control.
- B. The vocal folds are relaxed allowing the food to travel down the oesophagus
- C. The swallowing centre located within the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory centre
- D. The food bolus travels down the oesophagus due to gravity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during swallowing, the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory center to prevent aspiration. This coordination ensures that breathing is temporarily halted to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because not all processes of deglutition are under voluntary control, the vocal folds actually close to protect the airway during swallowing, and the movement of the food bolus down the esophagus is facilitated by peristalsis rather than gravity.
Jason, a 22 y.o. accident victim, requires an NG tube for feeding. What should you immediately do after inserting an NG tube for liquid enteral feedings?
- A. Aspirate for gastric secretions with a syring
- C. Begin feeding slowly to prevent cramping.
- D. Get an X-ray of the tip of the tube within 24 hours.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because aspirating for gastric secretions ensures proper tube placement in the stomach, reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Choice B is irrelevant and doesn't address the immediate post-insertion step. Choice C is incorrect as starting feeding immediately can lead to complications if the tube is not in the correct position. Choice D is incorrect as X-ray verification is not needed immediately after insertion.
In which of the following segments of the gastrointestinal tract is primary carcinoma least common?
- A. esophagus
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. colon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: small intestine. Primary carcinoma is least common in the small intestine due to its relatively lower exposure to carcinogens and slower cellular turnover compared to other segments like the colon. The esophagus is prone to carcinoma due to chronic irritation from acid reflux. The stomach is susceptible due to factors like Helicobacter pylori infection and dietary habits. The colon is at higher risk due to frequent exposure to fecal carcinogens. In summary, the small intestine has the least incidence of primary carcinoma due to lower exposure to risk factors.
Which of the following is a common risk factor for gallstones?
- A. High-fat diet
- B. Advanced age
- C. Gender (female)
- D. Family history of gallbladder disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gender (female). Women have a higher risk of developing gallstones due to hormonal factors, such as estrogen increasing cholesterol levels in bile. This imbalance can lead to gallstone formation. Advanced age (B) is a risk factor but not as common as gender. While a high-fat diet (A) can contribute to gallstone formation, it is not a primary risk factor. Family history (D) can increase the likelihood of gallstones, but it is not as common as being female.