Nokea
Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system will cause which one of the following effects in the inferior esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
- A. nothing, because skeletal muscle is found in the walls of these areas
- B. increases peristalsis by stimulation of smooth muscle
- C. decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle
- D. decreases peristalsis by stimulation of smooth muscle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle. The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gastrointestinal motility by decreasing peristalsis. This is achieved through the release of norepinephrine, which binds to adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells, leading to reduced contraction and motility. Choices A and B are incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system can still affect smooth muscle, not just skeletal muscle. Choice D is incorrect because sympathetic stimulation does not directly increase peristalsis.
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A male patient who has undergone an anterior-posterior repair is worried about his sexuality. What is an appropriate nursing intervention for this patient?
- A. Have the patient's sexual partner reassure the patient that he is still desirable.
- B. Reassure the patient that sexual function will return when healing is complete.
- C. Remind the patient that affection can be expressed in ways other than through sexual intercourse.
- D. Explain that physical and emotional factors can affect sexual function but not necessarily the patient's sexuality.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Choice C is correct because it acknowledges the patient's concerns about sexuality post-surgery.
2. Reminding the patient that affection can be expressed in non-sexual ways validates his feelings.
3. It promotes open communication and offers alternative ways to maintain intimacy during the healing process.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Involving the sexual partner may add pressure and may not address the patient's personal insecurities.
B. Promising a return to normal sexual function may create false expectations and overlook emotional aspects.
D. Focusing on physical and emotional factors may downplay the patient's specific concerns about his sexuality.
Which of the following pretest evaluation measures should the nurse ensure before a client undergoes the gallbladder series test?
- A. Determining the work environment of the client
- B. Determining whether the client has a family history of GI disorders
- C. Determining whether the client is pregnant
- D. Determining whether the client is allergic to seafood or iodine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (C): Determining whether the client is pregnant is crucial before a gallbladder series test because the test involves radiation exposure, which can be harmful to a developing fetus. It is essential to ensure the safety of both the client and the unborn child.
Summary:
- A: Determining the work environment of the client is not directly related to the safety or appropriateness of a gallbladder series test.
- B: Determining whether the client has a family history of GI disorders is important for overall health assessment but not specifically necessary for the pretest evaluation of a gallbladder series test.
- D: Determining whether the client is allergic to seafood or iodine is relevant for contrast materials used in some imaging tests but not specifically for a gallbladder series test.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone
- A. gastrin.
- B. pepsinogen.
- C. histamine.
- D. secretin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Parasympathetic stimulation triggers the release of gastrin from endocrine cells in the stomach. Gastrin plays a key role in promoting gastric acid secretion and stimulating gastric motility. This hormone is essential for regulating digestion.
Incorrect choices:
B: Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is not released by endocrine cells in the stomach.
C: Histamine is released by mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, not endocrine cells in the stomach.
D: Secretin is released by the S cells in the duodenum in response to low pH in the small intestine, not by endocrine cells in the stomach.
The nurse caring for an 80-year-old woman who is undergoing extensive bowel preparation for a colonoscopy. The nurse should most closely monitor the patient for which potential complication?
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Fatigue
- D. Dyspnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Metabolic acidosis. During bowel preparation for a colonoscopy, the patient may experience fluid and electrolyte imbalances, leading to metabolic acidosis. The nurse should closely monitor for signs such as confusion, weakness, and increased respiratory rate. Diarrhea (choice A) is expected during bowel preparation but does not directly lead to metabolic acidosis. Fatigue (choice C) and dyspnea (choice D) are less likely complications of bowel preparation and do not directly relate to metabolic acidosis.
Which of the following ligaments attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
- A. coronary ligament
- B. falciform ligament
- C. quadrate ligament
- D. caudate ligament
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: falciform ligament. The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and separates the right and left lobes of the liver. It is a broad, thin ligament that resembles a sickle. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm, not the abdominal wall.
C: The quadrate ligament attaches the liver to the gallbladder and the lesser curvature of the stomach.
D: The caudate ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and is not directly related to the abdominal wall attachment.