Nokea
A patient comes to the clinic and requests testing for HIV infection. Before administering testing, what is most important for the nurse to do?
- A. Ask the patient to identify all sexual partners
- B. Determine when the patient thinks exposure to HIV occurred
- C. Explain that all test results must be repeated at least twice to be valid
- D. Discuss prevention practices to prevent transmission of the HIV to others
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prevention education is crucial to reduce further transmission risks while awaiting test results.
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Which of the following is NOT part of innate immunity?
- A. Cytokine secretion
- B. Natural killer (NK) cell activity
- C. B cell antibody production
- D. Phagocytosis by macrophages
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because B cell antibody production is part of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense and includes mechanisms like cytokine secretion, NK cell activity, and phagocytosis by macrophages. B cells are part of the adaptive immune response, producing antibodies specific to pathogens upon exposure. This distinction is crucial in understanding the different roles innate and adaptive immunity play in protecting the body.
In a client with AIDS,a CD4 cell count above ______ mm³ would indicate that antiretroviral therapy is being effective.
- A. 250
- B. 1000
- C. 500
- D. 275
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A CD4 count above 500 mm³ indicates a strong immune response and effective antiretroviral therapy.
What is the role of angiogenesis in cancer progression?
- A. Promotes tumor shrinkage
- B. Prevents metastasis
- C. Supports tumor growth by forming new blood vessels
- D. Reduces oxygen supply to the tumor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Angiogenesis supports tumor growth by forming new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen.
Which of the following cells are 'professional' antigen presenting cells
- A. Neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells
- B. B cells, T cells, dendritic cells
- C. Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
- D. Neutrophils, epithelial cells, dendritic cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells. Professional antigen-presenting cells are specialized immune cells that effectively present antigens to T cells. Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells are considered professional APCs because they express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and co-stimulatory molecules, allowing them to effectively activate T cells. Neutrophils and epithelial cells are not considered professional APCs as they have limited ability to present antigens to T cells. B cells and T cells are not APCs themselves, but B cells can act as APCs when they present antigens to T cells in the context of an immune response.
A 78-year-old patient has developed Haemophilus influenzae. In addition to standard precautions, what should the nurse use to protect herself and other patients when working within 3 feet of the patient?
- A. Mask
- B. Gown
- C. Gloves
- D. Shoe covers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Haemophilus influenzae is primarily transmitted via respiratory droplets. Wearing a mask is essential to prevent inhalation of these droplets within close proximity.