Nokea
A patient comes to the hospital complaining of vomiting and diarrhoea. The doctor suggested that the patient take glucose and electrolyte solution orally. Which one of following membrane proteins is likely to be involved in rehydrating the patient?
- A. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)
- B. Sodium glucose transporter protein! (SGLT1)
- C. Insulin receptor protein (IRP)
- D. Sucrase-isomaltase protein (SIP)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium glucose transporter protein 1 (SGLT1). SGLT1 is responsible for the active transport of glucose and sodium across the intestinal membrane. When a patient is experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, they are losing fluids and electrolytes. By taking a glucose and electrolyte solution orally, the SGLT1 protein helps in the reabsorption of glucose and sodium to facilitate rehydration.
Incorrect choices:
A: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) is associated with cystic fibrosis and does not play a direct role in rehydration.
C: Insulin receptor protein (IRP) is involved in glucose uptake regulation in response to insulin, not rehydration.
D: Sucrase-isomaltase protein (SIP) is involved in the breakdown of sugars in the small intestine, not rehydration.
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A 55-year-old female client comes to the clinic for a physical examination. Which of the following screening tests would the nurse recommend the client have beginning at the age of 50 and every 10 years after?
- A. Colonoscopy
- B. Ultrasound of the kidney
- C. Mammogram
- D. Pap smear
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Colonoscopy. Beginning at age 50, it is recommended every 10 years to screen for colorectal cancer. This screening test is essential for early detection and prevention of colon cancer. Colonoscopy allows for direct visualization of the colon and removal of any precancerous polyps.
Choice B: Ultrasound of the kidney is not a recommended screening test for a 55-year-old female. Kidney ultrasound is typically used for evaluating specific kidney conditions, not as a routine screening test.
Choice C: Mammogram is typically recommended for breast cancer screening in women starting at age 40, not every 10 years after age 50.
Choice D: Pap smear is used for cervical cancer screening, typically starting at age 21 and continuing every 3-5 years, not every 10 years after age 50.
Water transport can occur from the lumen of the intestine to the blood stream, or from the blood stream to the intestinal lumen. Which single statement about this phenomenon, below, is actually correct?
- A. A 'flip-flop' mechanism efficiently transports water directly across the enterocyte membrane
- B. Water flows into the gut from the mucosa, during digestion of starch and protein, in order to reduce luminal osmolality
- C. Water is mostly absorbed by movement between the cells lining the gut (enterocytes) via tight junctions
- D. Dietary intake of water is always greater than water movement in the small intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because water is indeed mostly absorbed by movement between the cells lining the gut (enterocytes) via tight junctions. This is known as paracellular transport. Water moves through the spaces between the cells due to osmotic gradients and is then taken up by blood vessels. A: The 'flip-flop' mechanism is not a recognized mechanism for water transport in the intestine. B: Water does not flow into the gut from the mucosa during digestion, rather it moves from the gut lumen into the blood. D: Dietary intake of water can vary and may not always be greater than water movement in the small intestine.
Corticosteroid medications are associated with the development of peptic ulcers because of which probable pathophysiologic mechanism?
- A. The enzyme urease is produced.
- B. Secretion of hydrochloric acid is increased.
- C. The rate of mucous cell renewal is decreased.
- D. The synthesis of mucus and prostaglandins is inhibited.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids inhibit the synthesis of mucus and prostaglandins, which are important for protecting the stomach lining. Without enough mucus and prostaglandins, the stomach lining becomes more susceptible to damage from stomach acid, leading to the development of peptic ulcers.
Choice A is incorrect because the enzyme urease is associated with the development of Helicobacter pylori infection, not peptic ulcers directly. Choice B is incorrect because corticosteroids actually decrease hydrochloric acid secretion. Choice C is incorrect because a decreased rate of mucous cell renewal would lead to decreased mucus production, which could contribute to peptic ulcers, but it is not the primary mechanism associated with corticosteroids.
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes?
- A. Small intestine
- B. Large intestine
- C. Stomach
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter that passes through the small intestine. It reabsorbs water and electrolytes to maintain the body's fluid balance. The small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients and vitamins, while the stomach is responsible for the initial digestion of food and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Therefore, the large intestine is the correct choice for water and electrolyte absorption in the digestive system.
Parasympathetic stomach impulses cause all of the following except which one?
- A. secretion of somatostatin
- B. inhibition of somatostatin
- C. secretion of gastrin
- D. promotes histamine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because parasympathetic impulses do not lead to the secretion of somatostatin. Somatostatin is released in response to low pH in the stomach to inhibit further acid secretion. Parasympathetic impulses stimulate the secretion of gastrin, promote histamine release, and inhibit somatostatin secretion. This is important for enhancing gastric acid secretion and promoting digestion. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are effects of parasympathetic stomach impulses.