Nokea
Which of these statements about the pharynx is true?
- A. It extends from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus anteriorly.
- B. The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx.
- C. The nasopharynx is involved in digestion.
- D. The laryngopharynx is composed partially of cartilag
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the oropharynx is indeed continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx, forming a passage for both air and food. This continuity allows for the passage of food and air between the oral and nasal cavities.
A is incorrect because the pharynx extends from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus posteriorly, not anteriorly.
C is incorrect because the nasopharynx is not involved in digestion; it primarily functions in respiration and contains the openings of the Eustachian tubes.
D is incorrect because the laryngopharynx is not composed partially of cartilage; it is a muscular passage that connects the oropharynx and the esophagus.
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What is a postoperative nursing intervention for the obese patient who has undergone bariatric surgery?
- A. Irrigating and repositioning the nasogastric (NG) tube as needed
- B. Delaying ambulation until the patient has enough strength to support self
- C. Keeping the patient positioned on the side to facilitate respiratory function
- D. Providing adequate support to the incision during coughing, deep breathing, and turning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because providing adequate support to the incision during coughing, deep breathing, and turning is essential postoperatively to prevent complications such as wound dehiscence or infection in obese patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Supporting the incision helps reduce stress on the surgical site and promotes proper healing.
Choice A is incorrect because irrigating and repositioning the nasogastric tube is not a specific nursing intervention related to the care of the incision after bariatric surgery.
Choice B is incorrect because delaying ambulation can increase the risk of complications such as deep vein thrombosis and pneumonia in postoperative obese patients.
Choice C is incorrect because keeping the patient positioned on the side to facilitate respiratory function is important, but it is not directly related to supporting the incision during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure.
Corticosteroid medications are associated with the development of peptic ulcers because of which probable pathophysiologic mechanism?
- A. The enzyme urease is produced.
- B. Secretion of hydrochloric acid is increased.
- C. The rate of mucous cell renewal is decreased.
- D. The synthesis of mucus and prostaglandins is inhibited.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids inhibit the synthesis of mucus and prostaglandins, which are important for protecting the stomach lining. Without enough mucus and prostaglandins, the stomach lining becomes more susceptible to damage from stomach acid, leading to the development of peptic ulcers.
Choice A is incorrect because the enzyme urease is associated with the development of Helicobacter pylori infection, not peptic ulcers directly. Choice B is incorrect because corticosteroids actually decrease hydrochloric acid secretion. Choice C is incorrect because a decreased rate of mucous cell renewal would lead to decreased mucus production, which could contribute to peptic ulcers, but it is not the primary mechanism associated with corticosteroids.
Care for which of these clients is most appropriate to assign to the LPN/LVN, under the supervision of an RN?
- A. A client with oral cancer who is scheduled in the morning for glossectomy
- B. An obese client returned from surgery following a vertical banded gastroplasty
- C. A client with anorexia nervosa with muscle weakness and decreased urine output
- D. A client with intractable nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the LPN/LVN can provide care for a client with intractable nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy under the supervision of an RN. The LPN/LVN can administer prescribed antiemetic medications, monitor the client's response, assess for dehydration, and provide comfort measures. This task falls within the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN and does not require the advanced assessment and intervention skills of an RN.
Choice A is incorrect because a client undergoing a glossectomy for oral cancer requires complex post-operative care that is beyond the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN.
Choice B is incorrect because post-operative care for an obese client following a vertical banded gastroplasty involves monitoring for complications such as leaks or infections, which require the expertise of an RN.
Choice C is incorrect because a client with anorexia nervosa with muscle weakness and decreased urine output may have underlying medical issues that require an RN's assessment and intervention skills
Which of the following tests is contraindicated for pregnant women?
- A. Barium enema
- B. Barium swallow
- C. Radionuclide imaging
- D. Gallbladder series test
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Radionuclide imaging. This test involves exposing the patient to radiation, which can be harmful to the developing fetus. Pregnant women should avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation to prevent potential harm to the baby.
A: Barium enema and B: Barium swallow involve the use of contrast material that is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it does not expose the fetus to radiation.
D: Gallbladder series test, such as ultrasound or MRI, are also safe for pregnant women as they do not involve radiation exposure.
What is a common complication following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
- A. Bile leak
- B. Wound infection
- C. Deep vein thrombosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bile leak. After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile leak is a common complication due to injury to the bile ducts during surgery. This can lead to abdominal pain, infection, and other serious complications. Wound infection (B) is less common in laparoscopic surgeries. Deep vein thrombosis (C) and pulmonary embolism (D) are more associated with prolonged immobility post-surgery, which is less of a concern in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.