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A patient has symptoms that are characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS). Which diagnostic tests are likely to be ordered to aid in the diagnosis of this patient?
- A. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- B. Serum albumin and a computed tomography (CT) scan.
- C. CSF proteins and an angiography.
- D. Serum anti-acetylcholine antibodies and x-rays.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CSF analysis can show abnormalities in MS such as elevated white blood cells and protein levels. MRI can reveal characteristic lesions in the brain and spinal cord. B is incorrect as serum albumin and CT scan are not specific for MS. C is incorrect as CSF proteins and angiography are not primary tests for MS. D is incorrect as serum anti-acetylcholine antibodies and x-rays are not typically used in diagnosing MS.
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Anticholinergic drugs are used in Ophthalmology because they produce what effect?
- A. Pupil restriction.
- B. Decreased lacrimal secretions.
- C. Pupil dilation.
- D. Sedation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pupil dilation. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, leading to pupil dilation by inhibiting the constriction of the sphincter muscle in the iris. This effect is beneficial in ophthalmology for procedures like dilation exams and treating conditions like uveitis. Choice A is incorrect as anticholinergics cause pupil dilation, not restriction. Choice B is incorrect because anticholinergics actually increase lacrimal secretions instead of decreasing them. Choice D is incorrect as sedation is not a typical effect of anticholinergic drugs in ophthalmology.
The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a stable patient admitted after a motor vehicle accident. The patient reports having bad pain. What will the nurse do first?
- A. Attempt to determine what type of pain the patient has.
- B. Request an order for intravenous opioid analgesic.
- C. Administer acetaminophen (Tylenol).
- D. Ask the patient to rate the pain on a scale of 1-10.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ask the patient to rate the pain on a scale of 1-10. This is the first step in assessing pain intensity, which helps determine the urgency and appropriate interventions needed. By having the patient rate the pain, the nurse can establish a baseline for pain management and monitor effectiveness of interventions.
Choice A is incorrect because determining the type of pain comes after assessing the intensity. Choice B is incorrect as requesting IV opioids without assessing pain intensity first may not be appropriate for a stable patient. Choice C is incorrect as administering acetaminophen should be based on the pain assessment.
What drug might the nurse administer to achieve both analgesic and antitussive effects?
- A. Acetaminophen.
- B. Ibuprofen.
- C. Aspirin.
- D. Codeine.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Codeine. Codeine is an opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous system to relieve pain and suppress coughing. It has both analgesic and antitussive properties, making it the ideal choice for achieving both effects. Acetaminophen (choice A) and ibuprofen (choice B) are analgesics but do not have antitussive effects. Aspirin (choice C) is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug but is not commonly used for cough suppression. Therefore, codeine is the most appropriate option for achieving both analgesic and antitussive effects.
The nurse is caring for a 27-year-old African American woman who was just prescribed an ACE inhibitor for the management of her hypertension. What should be advised related to contraception?
- A. No special precautions need to be taken.
- B. The use of spermicidal jellies is recommended.
- C. The minipill is the contraceptive of choice.
- D. Use barrier contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking these drugs.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Use barrier contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking these drugs. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy as they can cause harm to the fetus. Therefore, advising the patient to use barrier contraception is essential to prevent pregnancy while on this medication. Choice A is incorrect because special precautions are indeed needed. Choice B is incorrect as spermicidal jellies do not provide effective contraception on their own. Choice C is incorrect as the minipill may not be sufficient to prevent pregnancy while on ACE inhibitors.
The nurse is teaching a class on muscular coordination and explains it is the movement of what electrolyte that contributes to the process of muscle contraction and relaxation?
- A. Magnesium.
- B. Chloride.
- C. Calcium.
- D. Hydrogen.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Calcium. Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and relaxation. During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to proteins in muscle fibers, allowing the actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other. This sliding action is what causes muscle contraction. When muscle relaxation is needed, calcium ions are pumped back into storage within the muscle cells, leading to relaxation. Magnesium (A), chloride (B), and hydrogen (D) do not directly influence muscle contraction and relaxation like calcium does.