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When involved in phase III drug evaluation studies, what responsibilities would the nurse have?
- A. Working with animals who are given experimental drugs.
- B. Conducting research to determine the effectiveness of the drug.
- C. Monitoring and observing patients closely for adverse effects.
- D. Choosing appropriate patients to be involved in the study.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in phase III drug evaluation studies, nurses are responsible for monitoring and observing patients closely for any adverse effects of the experimental drug. This is crucial to ensure patient safety and to gather data on the drug's efficacy and safety profile. Nurses play a key role in identifying and reporting any adverse reactions promptly.
Choice A is incorrect as nurses do not work with animals in drug evaluation studies.
Choice B is incorrect as conducting research to determine drug effectiveness is typically done by researchers and physicians, not nurses.
Choice D is incorrect as choosing appropriate patients for the study is usually the responsibility of the study's principal investigator or a designated research team.
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A nurse is caring for a neonate born with a congenital heart abnormality. To better help the parents understand the impact of this disorder, the nurse begins by describing the unusual flow of blood through the heart which takes what course?
- A. Deoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary artery.
- B. Deoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the right atrium through the pulmonary artery.
- C. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the right atrium through the pulmonary veins.
- D. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. In a normal heart, oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. This oxygen-rich blood then flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out to the body. In a neonate with a congenital heart abnormality, this pathway may be disrupted, leading to potential complications.
Choice A is incorrect because deoxygenated blood from the body, not the lungs, enters the right atrium through the vena cava. Choice B is incorrect as deoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. Choice C is incorrect as oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium, not the right atrium.
Understanding the normal flow of blood through the heart is crucial for comprehending the impact of congenital heart abnormalities on circulation and oxygenation in neonates.
Identify one indicator for a narcotics antagonist to be prescribed.
- A. Treatment of narcotic dependence.
- B. Treatment of alcohol dependence.
- C. Reversal of tachycardia.
- D. Reversal of bronchoconstriction.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Treatment of narcotic dependence. Narcotics antagonists are prescribed to counteract the effects of narcotics in the body. By blocking the receptors that narcotics bind to, these antagonists help in the treatment of narcotic dependence by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because narcotics antagonists are not indicated for the treatment of alcohol dependence, reversal of tachycardia, or bronchoconstriction. The key indicator for prescribing a narcotics antagonist is its specific role in addressing narcotic dependence, making choice A the correct option.
The nurse is caring for a patient that has seizure disorder. The nurse notes that the patient has reddened gums that bleed when oral care is given. The nurse recognizes this finding as:
- A. A sign of poor self-care.
- B. A drug interaction with aspirin.
- C. An adverse effect of the phenytoin.
- D. A symptom of hepatotoxicity.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: An adverse effect of phenytoin. Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug known to cause gingival hyperplasia, leading to reddened and bleeding gums. This is a common side effect of phenytoin due to its effect on gingival tissues. Poor self-care (choice A) may contribute to gingival issues, but in this case, the patient's gums are affected by a medication side effect. There is no indication in the question of aspirin use (choice B) or hepatotoxicity (choice D) causing the gum issues. Therefore, the most likely explanation is the adverse effect of phenytoin.
Ask the nurse to explain the type of angina he is experiencing. The nurse explains the pain is due to the imbalance of myocardial supply.
- A. Unstable.
- B. Ischemic.
- C. Stable angina.
- D. Prinzmetal.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Stable angina. This type of angina occurs due to a predictable pattern of exertional activities causing chest pain. The imbalance in myocardial supply and demand is typically relieved with rest or medication. Unstable angina (A) is characterized by unpredictable chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion, indicating a more severe condition. Ischemic (B) refers to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to angina. Prinzmetal angina (D) is caused by coronary artery spasm rather than exertion, making it less likely in this scenario.
The nurse is caring for an 80-year-old patient who has just begun taking a Thiazide diuretic to treat hypertension. What is an important aspect of care for this patient?
- A. Providing a low potassium diet.
- B. Encouraging increased fluid intake.
- C. Initiating a fall risk protocol.
- D. Increasing exercise and activity.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Initiating a fall risk protocol. This is important because Thiazide diuretics can lead to electrolyte imbalances, particularly low sodium and potassium levels, which can increase the risk of falls in elderly patients. Initiating a fall risk protocol involves assessing the patient's risk factors for falls, implementing appropriate safety measures, and monitoring the patient closely to prevent falls. Providing a low potassium diet (choice A) is not necessary as Thiazide diuretics can actually lead to low potassium levels. Encouraging increased fluid intake (choice B) is important but not specific to the potential side effects of Thiazide diuretics. Increasing exercise and activity (choice D) is beneficial for overall health but not directly related to the side effects of Thiazide diuretics in this scenario.