Nokea
A patient is admitted to the medical unit with possible Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism). Which assessment finding supports this diagnosis?
- A. Periorbital edema
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Exophthalmos
- D. Hoarse voice
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exophthalmos, or bulging eyes, is a common and distinguishing feature of Graves' disease, a form of hyperthyroidism.
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Excess secretion of epinephrine:
- A. relieves anxiety.
- B. stimulates the synthesis of glycogen.
- C. elevates blood glucose levels.
- D. slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excess secretion of epinephrine activates the fight-or-flight response, leading to the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream, elevating blood glucose levels. This helps provide immediate energy for the body to respond to stress. Epinephrine does not relieve anxiety (Choice A), as it is a stress hormone. It does not stimulate glycogen synthesis (Choice B) but rather breaks down glycogen to release glucose. Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure (opposite of Choice D) to support increased energy needs during stress. Thus, the correct answer is C.
The 'hormone response element' is located on the cell __________.
- A. membrane
- B. DNA
- C. RNA
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA. Hormone response elements are specific DNA sequences where hormone receptors bind to regulate gene expression. This binding initiates the transcription of target genes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hormone response elements are not located on the cell membrane, RNA, or enzymes. The key is understanding that hormone receptors act on DNA to regulate gene expression, making choice B the most appropriate answer.
Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function?
- A. pancreas
- B. thymus
- C. kidneys
- D. pituitary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: kidneys. The kidneys are not considered a major endocrine organ, but they do produce hormones such as erythropoietin and renin as part of their major function of regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. The pancreas (A) is a major endocrine organ producing insulin and glucagon. The thymus (B) is involved in immune function and produces hormones like thymosin. The pituitary (D) is often referred to as the master gland and secretes various hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
What Does Somatostatin Do?
- A. Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
- B. Stimulates release of insulin and glucagon
- C. Stimulates glucagon release while inhibits insulin release
- D. Inhibits glucagon release while stimulates insulin release
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon. This hormone acts as a regulator of the endocrine system by suppressing the secretion of these hormones. By inhibiting the release of insulin, somatostatin helps to prevent hypoglycemia, while inhibiting glucagon release helps to maintain blood glucose levels. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the function of somatostatin in regulating the release of insulin and glucagon. B stimulates the release of both hormones, C stimulates glucagon while inhibits insulin, and D inhibits glucagon while stimulates insulin, which are all contradictory to the known actions of somatostatin.
The posterior pituitary stores and releases:
- A. Growth hormone & Prolactin
- B. Prolactin & Oxytocin
- C. Oxytocin & ADH
- D. ADH & GH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxytocin & ADH. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) regulates water balance by influencing the reabsorption of water by the kidneys. Growth hormone (GH) and Prolactin are released by the anterior pituitary, not the posterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.