Nokea
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla will produce the same results as the _____ nervous system.
- A. sympathetic
- B. parasympathetic
- C. somatic
- D. central
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sympathetic. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system. They activate the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action in response to stress or danger. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because parasympathetic regulates rest and digest functions, somatic controls voluntary movements, and central refers to the brain and spinal cord, not a division of the autonomic nervous system like sympathetic.
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Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?
- A. Lowers blood glucose levels.
- B. Stimulates cells to make glucose (gluconeogenesis).
- C. Deficiency causes diabetes insipidus.
- D. Decreases blood volume.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lowers blood glucose levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy storage. This process reduces the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because insulin does not stimulate cells to make glucose (B), deficiency does not cause diabetes insipidus (C), and it does not directly affect blood volume (D).
Growth hormone ________.
- A. is also called somatostatin
- B. is regulated by humoral mechanisms
- C. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
- D. promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because growth hormone promotes long bone growth during the formative years by stimulating the growth plates in bones. This hormone plays a crucial role in skeletal growth and development. Choice A is incorrect because somatostatin is a different hormone that inhibits growth hormone release. Choice B is incorrect because growth hormone is primarily regulated by neural mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect because growth hormone actually promotes muscle growth and reduces fat mass.
The diabetic patient has all of these assessment findings. Which will you instruct the LPN/LVN to report immediately?
- A. Fingerstick glucose of 185 mg/dL
- B. Numbness and tingling in both feet
- C. Profuse perspiration
- D. Bunion on left great toe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Numbness and tingling in both feet are signs of diabetic neuropathy and could be indicative of a worsening condition that requires immediate reporting.
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones?
- A. Iron
- B. Calcium
- C. Sodium
- D. Chlorine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Calcium. Calcium ions are commonly used as second messengers for amino acid-base hormones due to their ability to trigger various cellular responses. When the hormone binds to its receptor on the cell surface, it activates specific signaling pathways that lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels. This rise in calcium ions then initiates downstream signaling cascades, ultimately regulating processes such as gene expression, cell growth, and metabolism.
Choice A - Iron: Iron is not typically involved in signaling pathways for amino acid-base hormones. It is more commonly known for its role in oxygen transport and storage in hemoglobin.
Choice C - Sodium: While sodium ions play essential roles in cellular functions, they are not typically utilized as second messengers for amino acid-base hormones. Sodium is more commonly associated with maintaining cell membrane potential and fluid balance.
Choice D - Chlorine: Chlorine ions are not typically involved in signaling pathways for amino acid-base hormones. Chlorine is primarily known for its role in maintaining
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is false?
- A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
- C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
- D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary, and its main function is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine volume and increased blood volume.
Step 2: If ADH causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease, it would be counterproductive to its known physiological role.
Step 3: Therefore, Choice B is false as it contradicts the established function of ADH.
Summary:
- Choice A is true because oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are indeed produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C is true as luteinizing hormone does trigger ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
- Choice D is true because hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone can lead to infertility in both males and females.