Nokea
Regarding parasympatholytics, the following statement is WRONG:
- A. Hyoscine is preferred over atropine in preanesthetic medication of thyrotoxic patients.
- B. Pirenzepine is preferred over propantheline in the treatment of intestinal colic.
- C. Ipratropium is better than atropine in the treatment of bronchial asthma
- D. Tropicamide is better than atropine in fundus examination
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Pirenzepine is NOT preferred over propantheline in the treatment of intestinal colic because pirenzepine is a selective M1 receptor antagonist used for peptic ulcer disease, while propantheline is an anticholinergic used for GI spasms. Choice A is incorrect because atropine is preferred over hyoscine in thyrotoxic patients due to its faster onset. Choice C is incorrect because ipratropium is not necessarily better than atropine in bronchial asthma as they have different mechanisms of action. Choice D is incorrect because atropine is actually preferred over tropicamide for fundus examination due to its longer duration of action.
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The action of acetylcholine is very short due to:
- A. Rapid hepatic metabolism
- B. Reuptake by nerve endings
- C. Binding to plasma proteins
- D. Hydrolysis by cholinesterase enzyme
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hydrolysis by cholinesterase enzyme. Acetylcholine is broken down by cholinesterase enzyme into choline and acetate, leading to the termination of its action. Rapid hepatic metabolism (A) is not the primary mechanism for acetylcholine breakdown. Reuptake by nerve endings (B) refers to reuptake of neurotransmitters, not breakdown. Binding to plasma proteins (C) does not affect the duration of acetylcholine action.
Excess secretion of epinephrine:
- A. relieves anxiety.
- B. stimulates the synthesis of glycogen.
- C. elevates blood glucose levels.
- D. slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excess secretion of epinephrine activates the fight-or-flight response, leading to the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream, elevating blood glucose levels. This helps provide immediate energy for the body to respond to stress. Epinephrine does not relieve anxiety (Choice A), as it is a stress hormone. It does not stimulate glycogen synthesis (Choice B) but rather breaks down glycogen to release glucose. Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure (opposite of Choice D) to support increased energy needs during stress. Thus, the correct answer is C.
Identify the endocrine gland within the abdominal cavity, near the small intestine.
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is an endocrine gland located in the abdominal cavity near the small intestine. It secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. The adrenal gland (A) is located on top of the kidneys, the hypothalamus (B) is in the brain, and the thyroid gland (D) is located in the neck. These glands are not near the small intestine, making them incorrect choices.
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used in the treatment of angina. A common side effect of its vasodilator activity is a reflex increase in heart rate, which is sometimes dangerous. Which drug could inhibit this reflex cardiac stimulation?
- A. Atropine
- B. Cocaine
- C. Phentolamine
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Propranolol. Propranolol is a beta-blocker that blocks the beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, preventing the reflex increase in heart rate caused by nitroglycerin. This action helps to counteract the potentially dangerous side effect of increased heart rate.
A: Atropine is not the correct answer because it is an anticholinergic drug that increases heart rate, which would exacerbate the reflex cardiac stimulation caused by nitroglycerin.
B: Cocaine is a stimulant drug that can further increase heart rate and is not used to inhibit reflex cardiac stimulation.
C: Phentolamine is an alpha-blocker that primarily acts on alpha-adrenergic receptors and is not the preferred drug for inhibiting the reflex increase in heart rate caused by nitroglycerin.
The 'hormone response element' is located on the cell __________.
- A. membrane
- B. DNA
- C. RNA
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA. Hormone response elements are specific DNA sequences where hormone receptors bind to regulate gene expression. This binding initiates the transcription of target genes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hormone response elements are not located on the cell membrane, RNA, or enzymes. The key is understanding that hormone receptors act on DNA to regulate gene expression, making choice B the most appropriate answer.