Nokea
Twenty-eight-year-old Alicia has recently been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:
- A. Tachycardia, sweating, and tremors.
- B. Fatigue, lethargy, and weight gain.
- C. Muscle twitching, tetany, and galactorrhea.
- D. Scotoma, alopecia, and hirsutism.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include increased heart rate (tachycardia), excessive sweating, and tremors due to the overactive thyroid gland.
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Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is false?
- A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
- C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
- D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary, and its main function is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine volume and increased blood volume.
Step 2: If ADH causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease, it would be counterproductive to its known physiological role.
Step 3: Therefore, Choice B is false as it contradicts the established function of ADH.
Summary:
- Choice A is true because oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are indeed produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C is true as luteinizing hormone does trigger ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
- Choice D is true because hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone can lead to infertility in both males and females.
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal.
- B. Parathyroid.
- C. Gonadal.
- D. Pancreas.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gonadal. The secretions from gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) differ between males and females due to the production of sex hormones (testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females). Adrenal glands (A) secrete similar hormones in both genders. Parathyroid (B) and Pancreas (D) do not secrete hormones that differ based on gender.
This Hormone Is Responsible for the 'Fight-or-Flight' Response
- A. Thyroxine and melatonin
- B. Insulin and glucagon
- C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- D. Oestrogen and progesterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response. When the body perceives a threat, these hormones are released by the adrenal glands, preparing the body for a rapid response to danger. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, while norepinephrine helps maintain alertness and focus.
Choice A (Thyroxine and melatonin) are hormones involved in regulating metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Choice B (Insulin and glucagon) are hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Choice D (Oestrogen and progesterone) are reproductive hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?
- A. Lowers blood glucose levels.
- B. Stimulates cells to make glucose (gluconeogenesis).
- C. Deficiency causes diabetes insipidus.
- D. Decreases blood volume.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lowers blood glucose levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy storage. This process reduces the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because insulin does not stimulate cells to make glucose (B), deficiency does not cause diabetes insipidus (C), and it does not directly affect blood volume (D).
Growth hormone ________.
- A. is also called somatostatin
- B. is regulated by humoral mechanisms
- C. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
- D. promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because growth hormone promotes long bone growth during the formative years by stimulating the growth plates in bones. This hormone plays a crucial role in skeletal growth and development. Choice A is incorrect because somatostatin is a different hormone that inhibits growth hormone release. Choice B is incorrect because growth hormone is primarily regulated by neural mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect because growth hormone actually promotes muscle growth and reduces fat mass.