Endocrine System Test Questions

Endocrine System Test Questions Related

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Diabetes mellitus occurs due to deficiency of:

  • A. Glucagon
  • B. Thyroxin
  • C. Insulin
  • D. Melatonin
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C (Insulin) is correct:
1. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels.
2. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to inadequate insulin production or ineffective use of insulin.
3. The deficiency of insulin leads to the inability to properly regulate blood sugar levels, resulting in diabetes mellitus.
4. Glucagon (choice A) is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, so its deficiency would not cause diabetes.
5. Thyroxin (choice B) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and is not directly related to diabetes.
6. Melatonin (choice D) is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is not involved in blood sugar regulation.

Summary:
Insulin is the correct choice because its deficiency directly leads to diabetes mellitus, while the other choices do not play a significant role in the development of this condition.

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Identify a characteristic of type I diabetes (IDDM).

  • A. Development has a correlation with obesity.
  • B. Most common form of diabetes.
  • C. Body cells do not respond to insulin.
  • D. Treatment usually involves insulin injections.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sure! The correct answer is D because type I diabetes (IDDM) is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. Insulin injections are necessary to replace the missing insulin.
A is incorrect because type I diabetes is not associated with obesity. B is incorrect because type II diabetes is actually the most common form. C is incorrect because in type I diabetes, the body's cells do not produce insulin, rather than not responding to it.

A patient with mild iatrogenic Cushing syndrome is on an alternate-day regimen of corticosteroid therapy. What does the nurse explain to the patient about this regimen?

  • A. It maintains normal adrenal hormone balance.
  • B. It prevents ACTH release from the pituitary gland.
  • C. It minimizes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression.
  • D. It provides a more effective therapeutic effect of the drug.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Alternate-day corticosteroid therapy minimizes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, which helps prevent long-term adrenal insufficiency.

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.

  • A. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
  • B. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
  • C. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
  • D. hormone binding to intracellular receptors
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because cellular responses to hormones initiating second-messenger systems can activate various pathways. Different hormones can utilize different second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, IP3, and DAG. This diversity allows for a wide range of responses in target cells.

Choice B is incorrect because cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase degrades cAMP, not forms an active second messenger.

Choice C is incorrect as it describes the mechanism of a specific protein kinase, which is not a characteristic of second-messenger systems.

Choice D is incorrect since hormone binding to intracellular receptors typically leads to gene transcription regulation, not direct activation of second-messenger systems.

Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels?

  • A. glucagon; liver
  • B. melatonin; liver
  • C. glucagon; kidney
  • D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels. Glucagon triggers the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is not involved in glucose regulation. Glucagon does not act on the kidney but specifically targets the liver. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a role in calcium regulation, not glucose metabolism.

Identify the endocrine gland within the abdominal cavity, near the small intestine.

  • A. Adrenal gland
  • B. Hypothalamus
  • C. Pancreas
  • D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is an endocrine gland located in the abdominal cavity near the small intestine. It secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. The adrenal gland (A) is located on top of the kidneys, the hypothalamus (B) is in the brain, and the thyroid gland (D) is located in the neck. These glands are not near the small intestine, making them incorrect choices.

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